Eu swan sonare; Dak sna ring, rattle.
Eu skud, Teut skut shoot; Dak kate shoot.
Teut sota soot; Dak shota smoke, shotkazi soot.
Eu sad sit; Dak si, siha the foot.
The Dakota words that most resemble I E forms are those in daily use, those roots entering into the largest number of compounds, those most widely distributed in languages more nearly related.
Excluding words repeated in compounds and those contained in phrases I have not satisfactorily analyzed, and including words derivative rather than compound, I find in Hayden, Morgan and Schoolcraft 262 different Iowa words. Of these thirty-five as words represent words discussed in this paper; thirty-nine others appear to be derived from roots herein discussed, a number of them varying from the Dak. word only by using a different suffix also herein compared. Out of 159 that I have been able plainly to trace to Dakota words and roots 121 are to Dakotan roots and words which seem to be related to I E forms. If I had sufficient Iowa material to enable me to find Iowa roots independently, I doubt not the resemblance to the Dakota would be much increased, and the resemblance to the I E in a still greater degree.
The parable of the prodigal son as printed in Dr. Rigg's dictionary, page 61, contains as there printed 417 words, 199 different[K] words. Of these 36 words, occurring 186 times, are in the exact form[L] given in this paper; 8 other words, occurring 11 times, as given in my preceding paper; 75 other words, occurring 106 times, are composed wholly of the words, roots and pronominal elements compared with I E forms in the two papers. There remain 114 words, 80 different words. If I have correctly analyzed them they contain the following elements compared in this paper: words and verb roots, 9 times, pronouns 19 times, prepositional and pronominal prefixes 35 times. Much of the remainder, in all about nine-tenths of the whole, seems to me represent I E materials with which I have compared it. I do not doubt that some of the similarities will prove in the end fallacious. On the other hand I have no doubt that many new similarities will be found. My father made a list of 1,243 Dakota verb stems, radical words and words which he could not satisfactorily to himself derive from simpler elements. Of these about 500 seem to be similar to I E forms with which I have compared them, and from them are derived more than three-fourths of the 16,000 words in Dr. Rigg's dictionary.
The pronouns, prepositions and suffixes herein given seem to indicate that the Dakotas did not separate from the Teutonic family till long after the latter separated from the South European family. The fact that the Dak resembles the Icelandic and Gothic in vocabulary and in structure much more than it resembles the older Latin, points in the same direction. The laws of consonantal change in many cases produce the same result as Grimm's law, but the laws themselves are entirely different. It is certain, therefore, that the Dakota has not been connected with the Teutonic since the development of Grimm's law made any considerable progress. I have studied the question less, yet I think I have enough evidence in the system of consonantal change to prove that the Dakota has not been connected with the Slavonic or Lithuanian since they separated from each other, or for some time previously. It is possible so far as I can now say that the Dak may have borrowed material from some language not I E, but I have found no evidence of it. Undoubtedly the adoption of prisoners has introduced a considerable percentage of Algonkin blood. It is also certain that they have adopted some Chippewa religious observances, but even in these they do not appear to have adopted any Chippewa words.
FOOTNOTES:
[J] A word of this kind used every day by the masses of all Teutonic people, and corresponding to the principal languages in such a variety of meanings, could not possibly be derived from the Latin finitum. Our fine may be in part from finitum, but fin—I E pin is certainly a Teut word.