FOOTNOTES
[40] Annals of Ulster, A.D. 855, 856; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 856.
[41] Three Fragments of Annals, pp. 128, 129, 138, 139.
[42] Airec Menmam Uraird Maic Coisse, sec. 29 (Marstrander: Bidrag til det Norske Sprogs Historie i Irland, p. 10).
[43] With the Gaill-Gaedhil are often identified a body of plunderers, members of Meath and Cavan clans, who in the year 845 devastated large tracts of territory “after the manner of the Gentiles” (Annals of Ulster, A.D. 845). The Annalists call them “sons of death” (maic báis), possibly a term applied by the monastic chroniclers to a people who had abandoned their Christian baptism, and who had profaned churches and religious houses. (Cf. Marstrander, op. cit., p. 7, n.)
[44] Cf. Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 854. Three Fragments of Annals, A.D. 852, referring to the same event, mention the “fleet of the Gaill-Gaedhil.”
[45] Annals of Ulster, A.D. 855.
[46] Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 856.
[47] Fragments of Annals, A.D. 858.
[48] There was also a mixed Norse and Gaelic population in Galloway (the word is a corruption of Gall-Gaedhil, Welsh Galwydel) as well as in the Hebrides (Ir. Innse Gall., i.e., the “Islands of the Foreigners or Norsemen”) and other parts of Scotland. There is a reference to these Gaill-Gaedhil in the Four Masters (A.D. 1154): “The Cinél Eoghain and Muirchertach, son of Niall, sent persons over the sea to hire the fleets of the Gaill-Gaedhil of Aran, Cantire and the Isle of Man and the borders of Scotland in general, over which Mac Sgelling was in command…” (For other references see Marstrander, op. cit., p. 9.)