[28] Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, E. Annals 949, 952.
[29] Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 978, 979; Annals of Ulster, A.D. 979 (= 980).
[30] War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 77.
[31] War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 115; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 997.
[32] War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 153. Njáls Saga, ch. 155. In the Annals of Loch Cé (A.D. 1014) Brodar is called the earl of York (iarla Caoire Eabhroigh).
[33] War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, p. 151.
[34] Ib., pp. 151-191; Njáls Saga, chs. 155-157, Annals of Loch Cé, A.D. 1014; Annals of the Four Masters, A.D. 1013.
[35] Calendar of the Ancient Records of Dublin (ed. by J. T. Gilbert), II. 81; Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, Dublin (ed. by Gilbert), I. 258; II. 251; Giraldus Cambrensis: Topographia Hibernica, V. 187.
The name “Ostmen” is generally supposed to have been first given to them by the English, but the word is Norse (i.e., Austmenn, plural of Austmathr, “a man living in the East”) and therefore must have been current in Ireland before the English invasion. It may be suggested that the name was applied to the original Scandinavian settlers in Ireland, to merchants and other later comers from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Cf. the nickname Austmathr, given to a certain Eyvindr by the Scandinavian settlers in the Hebrides because he had come there from Sweden.
[36] Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, I. 267; ib., I. 227, 234, etc.; Calendar of the Ancient Records of Dublin, I. 55; II. 96.