The illustrations consist of reproductions, either from photographs or from rough sketches in pen-and-ink and water-colours by the authors, whose only merit lies in their essaying to represent in their native haunts some of the least-known birds and beasts of Europe, several of which, it is probable, have never before been drawn from the life. If some of these sketches are not as satisfactory as we could have wished, the difficulties under which they were produced may serve as some excuse. At the last moment we have had some of them "translated" in London by Messrs. C. M. Sheldon and A. T. Elwes, and are also indebted to Miss M. E. Crawhall for several sepia-drawings made by her in Spain.

It had been our intention to append a list of the birds of Spain, with their Spanish names and short notes on each species; but this we find would exceed our limits, and moreover the blanks and "missing links" still remain so numerous that we have abandoned—or at least deferred—that part of our programme. This may explain a certain want of continuity or coherence, in an ornithological sense.

We are indebted to Lord Lilford and to Messrs. J. C. Forster and Ralph W. Bankes for several valuable notes and assistance, also to Admiral Sir M. Culme-Seymour for photographs taken in "Wild Spain"; while we cannot sufficiently express our gratitude to Mr. Howard Saunders, who has in the kindest manner gone through the proof-sheets, and whose long experience and intimate knowledge of Spain have been most generously placed within our reach. For any serious mistakes which may remain, the authors must be solely responsible.

December 31st, 1892.

CONTENTS.
[CHAPTER I]
PAGE
An Unknown Corner of Europe.
Andalucia and her Mountain-barriers.
i. Introductory [1]
ii. Life in the Sierras[13]
iii. A night at a Posada[19]
[CHAPTER II]
A Boar-hunt in the Sierra[23]
[CHAPTER III]
The Great Bustard[33]
[CHAPTER IV]
Big days with Bustard.
i. Jedilla[46]
ii. Santo Domingo—an Idyl[50]
[CHAPTER V]
Tauromachia.
The Fighting Bull of Spain;
Notes on his history: his breeds and rearing: and his
life up to the encierro—i.e., the eve of his death		[54]
[CHAPTER VI]
The Bætican Wilderness.
Spring-notes of bird-life, natural history and exploration inthe marisma
Part i.—April[70]
[CHAPTER VII]
The Bætican Wilderness (continued).
Part ii.—May[83]
[CHAPTER VIII]
Wild Camels in Europe[94]
[CHAPTER IX]
Among the Flamingoes.
Notes on their haunts and habits, and the discovery of theirnesting-places[102]
[CHAPTER X]
Brigandage in Spain.
Sketches of two Robber-types.
i. Vizco el Borje[116]
ii. Agua Dulce[124]
[CHAPTER XI]
The Spanish Ibex.
Notes on its natural history, haunts, habits and distribution[128]
[CHAPTER XII]
Ibex-shooting in Spain.
i. Sierra de Gredos (Old Castile)[140]
ii. Riscos de Valderejo[150]
[CHAPTER XIII]
Ibex-shooting in Spain (continued).
iii. Sierra Bermeja (Mediterranean)[157]
iv. Nevada and the Alpujarras. Ten days in a snow-cave[166]
[CHAPTER XIV]
Trout and Trouting in Spain.
i. Castile, etc.[173]
ii. Santandér[179]
[CHAPTER XV]
Trouting in the Asturias and in Leon[183]
[CHAPTER XVI]
Experiences with Eagles.
i. Forest and plain[188]
[CHAPTER XVII]
Further Experiences with Eagles and Vultures.
ii. Chiefly relating to the Sierra[205]
[CHAPTER XVIII]
On Spanish Agriculture.
i. Cereals, green crops, etc.[220]
[CHAPTER XIX]
On Spanish Agriculture (continued).
ii. The olive[231]
iii. Horse-breeding and live stock[233]
iv. Supplement[236]
[CHAPTER XX]
Bird-life of the Spanish Spring-time.
i. The pinales, or pine-region[238]
[CHAPTER XXI]
Bird-life of the Spanish Spring-time (continued).
ii. The cistus-plains and prairies[250]
[CHAPTER XXII]
Bird-life of the Spanish Spring-time (continued).
iii. By lake and lagoon[266]
[CHAPTER XXIII]
The Spanish Gypsy.
Notes on the history of the "Gitanos"[277]
[CHAPTER XXIV]
The Spanish Gypsy of to-day[287]
[CHAPTER XXV]
In Search of the Lämmergeyer.
A winter ride in the Sierras[293]
[CHAPTER XXVI]
The Home of the Lämmergeyer[307]
[CHAPTER XXVII]
Ramon and the two big Rams.
An incident of Ibex-stalking[316]
[CHAPTER XXVIII]
The Ibex-hunter's Betrothal[320]
[CHAPTER XXIX]
On Viticulture in Spain and Portugal[325]
[CHAPTER XXX]
Some further Notes on the Great Bustard.
His natural history and habits[338]
[CHAPTER XXXI]
The Little Bustard[343]
[CHAPTER XXXII]
A Winter Campaign in Doñana[348]
[CHAPTER XXXIII]
Wildfowling in the Wilderness.
i. A wet winter[371]
[CHAPTER XXXIV]
Wildfowling in the Wilderness (continued).
ii. A dry season (flight-shooting)[384]
iii. An Arctic winter[392]
[CHAPTER XXXV]
The Stanchion-gun in Spain[395]
[CHAPTER XXXVI]
Deer-driving in the Pine-forests.
My first stag[405]
[CHAPTER XXXVII]
Winter in the Marshes.
i. Snipe-shooting[417]
ii. Cranes, storks, and bitterns[420]
iii. Miscellaneous marsh-birds[424]
[CHAPTER XXXVIII]
Deer-stalking and "Still-hunting."
On the Southern plains[428]
A[PPENDIX.]
[PART I.]
The Large Game of Spain and Portugal,
With notes on other Spanish Mammalia[437]
Red Deer[437]
Fallow Deer[438]
The Roebuck in Spain[439]
The Spanish Ibex[440]
The Chamois[441]
The Bear[442]
Wild Boar[443]
Wolf and Fox[444-5]
Spanish Lynx[446]
Smaller beasts[447 et seq.]
[PART II.]
Spring-migrants To Spain,
With dates of arrival, etc., in Andalucia[450]
[PART III.]
i. Spring-notes in Navarre[454]
ii. Supplementary notes on birds (Southern Spain)[457]
[GLOSSARY.]
[INDEX.]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATE NO. PAGE
i.Map of Spain and Portugal [ Frontispiece]
An Andaluz[3]
A Granadino[4]
Basque peasant[5]
ii.Relics of the Moors—Ruins of the Watch-tower ofMelgarejo To face [6]
Fair Sevillanas[8]
A choza: the home of the Andalucian peasant[13]
iii.Pair of Civil Guards—Jerez To face [14]
A water-seller[18]
iv.Daughters of Andalucia To face [19]
Dancers with castanets[20]
A village posada[21]
"Furniture"[25]
Our quarters in the Sierra[26]
A straight charge (wild boar)[30]
v. "That old tusker" (wild boar) To face [31]
A mule with trappings[32]
vi. Bustards on the barrens—winter;—a first shade of
suspicion		 To face [33]
vii. Watering the cattle—summer-time To face [35]
Great Bustard—echando la rueda[39]
viii. Bustard-driving—the pack come "well in" To face [40]
Great Bustards—an April dawn[43]
ix. " " —among the spring-corn To face [48]
The Bustard-shooter—triumph![51]
x. Ancient draw-well on the plains To face [52]
xi. Bulls on the plains To face [57]
xii. The morn of the Fight—Bulls in the toril (Miura's
breed)		 To face [61]
xiii. The Encierro To face [65]
A Bull-fighter[66]
A Matador[68]
Fishing-boat on the Guadalquivir[78]
Flamingoes[74], [102] and [115]
Avocets[77], [82] and [87]
Stilts[70], [86] and [92]
xiv. Booted Eagle To face [81]
xv. Pintailed Sand-Grouse To face [85]
Grey Plovers—summer-plumage[89]
xvi. The Spanish Wild Camels—our first sight of a couplein the marisma To face [94]
xvii. Wild Camels—seen through the binoculars To face [98]
Flamingoes on feed[104]
A right-and-left at Flamingoes[106]
Spanish Lynx[107]
A toilet in the wilderness (Flamingoes)[109]
Flamingoes and nests[111]
xviii. Flamingoes on their nests To face [112]
Civil Guards—a sketch from life[121]
Draw-well at the Zumajo, near Jerez[127]
Spanish Ibex, Old Ram—Sierra de Gredos[131]
—— —— —— Sierra Nevada[133], [135], and [170]
xix. On the crags of Almanzór (Ibex) To face [137]
Old olive-trees near Talavera[139]
xx. Ibex-hunting—a sketch in the Sierra de Gredos To face [141]
Our first old Ram[145]
xxi. Ibex-hunting—the two old Rams at the "Cannon-Rock" To face [148]
The peaks of Gredos[149]
xxii. Our camp on the Riscos de Valderejo To face [152]
Ibex-hunters of Gredos—a sketch by the camp-fire[154]
Ibex, female—Riscos de Valderejo[155]
—— —— Bermeja[158]
xxiii. Ibex-hunting—a sketch in the Sierra Bermeja To face [161]
Forest Ibex, old Ram—Bermeja[164]
Trout[175], [182], and [186]
Chamois[179] and [442]
Spanish Imperial Eagle[190], [198], and [219]
—— —— (Spotted stage)[193]
—— —— The Eagle's swoop[262]
Tawny Eagle[195]
Black Vulture[201] and [202]
At roost—Serpent-Eagles[204]
xxiv. A Vulture's banquet To face [206]
Griffon Vulture and nest—Puerta de Palomas[208]
Strange neighbours (Vultures and Storks)[209]
xxv. "Where the carcase is" To face [213]
Bonelli's Eagle (adult)[217] and [383]
xxvi. Ploughing with oxen To face [221]
Wooden ploughshare[224]
xxvii. The harvest-field To face [225]
xxviii. Threshing corn with mares To face [226]
xxix. Winnowing To face [228]
"Waiting for death" (old olive-trees)[232]
xxx. Kites and Marsh-Harriers To face [242]
xxxi. Sand-dunes and Corrales of Doñana To face [245]
Hoopoes[248]
A serenade (Red-leg Partridge)[251]
Azure-winged Magpies[258]
Eyed Lizard and Serpent-Eagle[260]
Black Stork[265]
xxxii. Mallards and Ferruginous Ducks—Alamillo To face [268]
xxxiii. White-fronted Ducks—Santolalla To face [270]
Buff-backed Heron[83] and [272]
Marsh-Harrier—very old male[274]
Summer evening—Owls and Moths[276]
xxxiv. Dancers at Granada—the Bolero To face [289]
Gypsy lad[290]
Gypsy dance[292]
Lämmergeyer—a first impression[295]
Dance and guitar[297]
Griffon Vulture (a sketch from life)[303]
"Roses in Spain"[306]
xxxv. Lämmergeyer—a sketch from life in the SierraBermeja To face [309]
Our quarters at Guentar del Rio[312]
Ibex-head—Sierra de Gredos[319]
xxxvi. Vineyard and gateway To face [325]
Vines in March (Jerez)[326]
xxxvii. In a Jerez Bodega To face [328]
xxxviii. Irrigation by the noria, or water-wheel To face [334]
A vineyard at Jerez[336]
Great Bustards[337] and [340]
Little Bustards—May[345]
xxxix. A Spanish jungle—The Angosturas To face [348]
Fishing-boats[349]
xl. Palacio de Doñana To face [350]
xli. Breakfast-time—Doñana To face [352]
A royal head—Doñana[354]
Dead Lynx[355]
Group of forest-guards[357]
Pannier-pony and game[358]
Spanish Red Deer—a mountain-head from Morena[360] and [430]
—— a stag of thirteen points[363]
xlii.Spanish wildfowlers approaching duck with cabresto
ponies		 To face [365]
xliii.A shot in the open (Red Deer) To face [367]
Wild Boar—an old tusker[368]
xliv.Salavar—a sketch in a Spanish Mancha To face [369]
xlv.Wildfowling with cabrestos—
—— —— No. 1. The approach To face [372]
xlvi.—— —— No. 2. The shot To face [374]
xliii.xlviii. —— —— No. 3. The result To face [381]
"Anseres son!"[377]
Greylag Geese flighting—daybreak[378]
xlii.Grey Geese and Wigeon—midday To face [378]
Marsh-Harrier (young)[380]
xlix. "The farewell shot" To face [382]
Mallards[387]
Grey Geese[390] and [391]
l.Redshanks (101 and) To face [393]
Stilts[396] and [404]
Little Gull and Tern[398]
li."A hundred at a shot—now or never!" To face [400]
"The Biter and the Bit" (Harrier and Teal)[401]
lii.La Marismilla—a shooting morning To face [405]
Spanish guns[411]
"The eleven-pointer" (Red Deer)[413]
A fifteen-pointer (Red Deer)[414]
"Dropped in his tracks" (Wild Boar)[416]
Stork's nest—The Banderas, Seville[422]
—— —— on straw-stack[459]
Spanish Lynx[436]
Spanish Ibex—Five-year-old Rams[440]

WILD SPAIN.
(ESPAÑA AGRESTE.)

CHAPTER I.