The Book of War: The Military Classic of the Far East / The Articles of Suntzu; The Sayings of Wutzu

by active 6th century B.C. Sunzi; Qi Wu

• A
• Abnormal manœuvres, [31], [32]
• Advance, followed by retirement, a lure, [51]
• Advantages, the five, [45]
• Ally, war to be avoided, if enemy has powerful, [91]
• Altar, Wu made general before, [77];
• difficult matters to be laid before, [78]
• Ambition, one of five causes of war, [80]
• Ambush, likely places for enemy to be in, [49]
• Ammunition, lack of, may cause disaster, [41]
• Anger of officers, cause of, [51];
• not a fit reason for battle, [69]
• Animals, the six domestic, to be preserved by besiegers, [115]
• Apologies, what implied, by general who offers, [52]
• Archers, employment of, in sieges, [25], note
• Armies, five, alternate onslaughts by, [111]
• Armistice, what betokened by sudden desire for, [51]
• Armour, cost of upkeep of, [21];
• and of renewing, [22];
• condition of, an influence in battle, [94]
• Arms, profession of, not highly regarded in China, [9];
• the five, [88], note
• Army, control of the, [93-100];
• orderly, likened to father and children, [96]
• Articles of Suntzu, [17-74]
• Assault, by stratagem, [25]
• Attack, proportionate number required for, [26];
• on undefended positions, [35];
• place of, to be kept secret, [37];
• five ways of, by fire, [67-68];
• eight cases of, [89];
• reckless, [92]
• B
• Banners, use of, to inspirit troops, [9];
• used, in day fighting, [43];
• enemy’s lines not to be attacked where waving, [43-44];
• changing of, [51];
• to be entrusted to strong men, [98];
• Wutzu on attraction of, [104], 108
• Barrack burning, [67]
• Batons, in day fighting, [108]
• Battle, the Order of, [28-30]
• Beacons, in night fighting, [43]
• Beasts, startled, indicate stealthy approach, [50]
• Bell, use of, in war, [31];
• a signal to halt, [31], note;
• Wutzu on, [95];
• to be entrusted to the bold, [98];
• use of, attracts ear, [104]
• Benevolence, quality needed by general, [103]
• Birds, rising of, indicates ambush, [50];
• clustering of, round position, shows it unoccupied, [51]
• Bluster in General, [52]
• Bogs, movement of troops regarding, [49]
• Booty, exhaustion betrayed by disregard of, [51]
• Bows, weapons for tall men, [98]
• Broken ground, [54]
• Burning barrack, commissariat, equipment, store, and company, [67-68]
• C
• Calamities, six, among troops, [55]
• Camp, safe position for, [47];
• skilful changes of, [63]
• Castle, Wutzu’s counsel for investing, [115]
• Catapults, weapons for tall men, [98]
• Causes of war, [80]
• Cautiousness-over, one of five dangerous faults for general, [46]
• Chang Mt., illustration of snakes of, [62]
• Changes, the Nine, [44-46]
• Chariots, number of, required, [20-21];
• cost of renewing, [22];
• rewards for taking from enemy, [23];
• advance of light, [50];
• great size of, [76];
• axles of, to be well oiled, [94]
• Cheng, Lord Tang, of, [79]
• Chengsang, Prince, [76]
• Chi, estimation of forces of, [85];
• nature of, [86]
• Chieh, Lord, [79]
• Chin, nature of, [86];
• unsuccessfully opposes Wei, [117-118]
• Chins, the three, [87-88]
• China, profession of arms not highly regarded in, [9];
• large rivers of, affect military operations, [12]
• Chinese, greatly affected by climate, [9]
• Chinese literature, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, [7]
• Chinese wars, patriotism not a factor in, [8]
• Chou, Wu, of, [79]
• Chu, courage of, [62];
• foundation of state of, [74];
• want of endurance of army of, [85]
• Chuang, of Chu, holds consultation, [84]
• Chuyin, use of, in sieges, [25], and note
• Circumspection, circumstances requiring, [52]
• Cohesion of troops, in interior of hostile country, [64]
• Colours must be bright, in war, 104
• Commander, professional, in China, [9]
• Commissariat burning, [67]
• Confidence, importance of, in operations, [94]
• Contention, ground of, [58]
• Continuity of military principles illustrated, [12]
• Control of army, [93-100]
• Converted spies, [71]
• Cooking pots may betray end of resources, [51-52]
• Cost of war, [21];
• of supplying army at distance, [22]
• Courage, universal, dependent on good management, [63];
• not the only attribute necessary to general, [101];
• but nevertheless essential, [103]
• Cowardly, place of the, in action, [43]
• D
• Daylight fighting, use of flags, banners, pennons, and batons in, [108]
• Death, when only alternative, ensures exertion, [61]
• Death ground, [58];
• fighting on, [60];
• soldiers must recognise conditions of, [64]
• Death spies, [71], [72]
• Declaration of war, action following, [66]
• Decoration for skill in five arms, [88]
• Defeat, internal causes of, [28];
• skilful soldiers make impossible, [28];
• army destined to, trusts in chance, [30];
• causes of, [55-56]
• Defence, long, difficulties in, [110]
• Defensive warfare, when victory unattainable, [28];
• skill in, [28-29]
• Deficiency, defence compelled by, [28]
• Despair, energy born of, wins victory, [15]
• Desperate enemy not to be pressed, [44]
• Determination, one of five important matters for general, [101], [102]
• Dignity, essential for general, [103]
• Discipline, one of seven important matters in war, [18];
• perfection of, leads to simulation, [33]
• Discussion of omens, forbidden, [61]
• Disorder, a cause of defeat, [96]
• Disputed ground, action regarding, [64]
• Distracting ground, action regarding, [64]
• Disturbing ground, action regarding, [64]
• Dragons, green (banners), [99]
• Dragons’ heads (mountain extremities), [99]
• Drum, use of, [31];
• in night fighting, [43];
• sounds for advance, [95];
• meaning of different beats of, [98];
• to be entrusted to the bold, [98];
• Wutzu on the, [104], [108]
• Dust, spurts, masses, columns and clouds of, meaning of, 50
• E
• Ear, to be attracted in war, [104]
• Earth, one of five indispensable matters in war, [17], [18];
• the ninth, [29], and note
• Elements, five, [39], and note
• Emptiness and strength, [34-39]
• Enclosed ground, [58];
• stratagem to be used on, [60];
• action regarding, [64]
• Enemies, six to be avoided, [90-91]
• Equipment, umbrella part of Chinese soldier’s, [9]
• Estimation of enemy, [56];
• Wutzu on, [85-93]
• Exhaustion, result of lateness in field, [34];
• avoided by good tactics, [35];
• shown by disregard of booty, [51]
• Expectation of life or death, [96]
• Eye, to be struck in war, [104]
• F
• Famine, a cause of war, [80]
• Faults, five, dangerous for generals, [46]
• Feast, given by Wen to guests with high, medium, and deficient merit, [117]
• Feints, use of, [36], [38]
• Fens, advance in wide, [112]
• Fighting races, consequences of victories by, [80]
• Fire, five modes of assault by, [67-68];
• attack on enemy in overgrown marsh land by, [106]
• Flag, use of, in war, [31];
• in day fighting, [43];
• change of, [51];
• Wutzu on use of, [104]
• Flanking (or reserve) force, [12]
• Flat country, disposal of troops in, [48]
• Flutes, Wutzu on use of, [108]
• Fodder, charge of, given to the feeble, [98]
• Food, taken from enemy, [22];
• obtained by skilful general, [23];
• killing of horses for, [51];
• attack on enemy without, [90];
• charge of, given to the feeble, [98]
• Force, one of four important influences in war, [102], [103]
• Foreign lands, war in, [60]
• Formation-battle, [97]
• Frontal attack, [11]
• G
• General, interference with, ill-advised, [10];
• ability of, one of seven important matters, [18];
• skilful, is steadfast in “Way” and “Law,” [30];
• as “God of War” changes tactics, [39];
• must know the Nine Changes, [45];
• five faults dangerous for, [46];
• what implied by exceeding graciousness of, [52];
• blustering and obsequious, [52];
• strange to troops, [52];
• weak and amiable, [55];
• calamities due to defects in, [55];
• unable to estimate enemy, [56];
• anxious for people’s welfare, [56];
• must be calm, inscrutable, just, and prudent, [63];
• conceals plans, [63];
• must have topographical knowledge and use guides, [65];
• bestows rewards discreetly, [66];
• is not actuated by anger, [69];
• should be in accord with soldiers, [93];
• must not procrastinate, [97];
• Wutzu on qualities of, [101-107];
• five matters important for, [101];
• of the enemy to be appraised, [104];
• action in accordance with judgment of enemy’s, [105];
• how to judge enemy’s, [106-107]
• Gongs, use of, in war, [108]
• Government of a country, [77-84];
• object of, [79];
• good, foundation of victory, [95]
• Ground, influence of, in war, [12];
• marshy, to be avoided for camp, [44];
• action in mountainous and wooded, [45];
• disposal of troops on high, marshy, flat, sunny, steep, boggy, and tangled, [47-49];
• object of enemy encamped on open, [49];
• Suntzu on, [53-67];
• open, [53-54];
• broken, [54];
• suspended, [54];
• defiles in, [54];
• precipitous, [54];
• the handmaid of victory, [56];
• results from good use of, [63];
• one of four important influences in war, [102], [103];
• inundation of enemy on marshy, [106]
• Grounds, the Nine, [58-67];
• action with regard to, [64];
• knowledge of, necessary to general, [65]
• Guests, entertainment of, costly in war, [21]
• Guides, employment of, necessary, [42], [65]
• H
• Halberd, one of the five arms, [88], note
• Halberds, great length of, [75-76]
• Harness, must be strong in all details, [100]
• Health of troops, consideration for, [48]
• Heat, attack on enemy who has endured, [89]
• Heaven, one of five indispensable matters in war, [17], [18]
• Heaven, the Ninth, [29], note
• Highways, when not to interrupt, [59]
• Horses, killed for food, [51];
• care for, [94];
• treatment of, [99-100]
• Hsia, [73]
• Hsihe, defence of, [77]
• Huangti, cause of victory by, [48]
• Humane treatment ensures obedience, [53]
• Hunger, how shown, by use of weapons, [51];
• how to meet, in case of enemy, [97]
• I
• Ichih, [73]
• Ignorance, three ways of, embarrassing to armies, [26];
• of enemy causes defeat, 27
• Impartiality, Wutzu on, [116]
• Impetuosity, blind, dangerous fault in general, [46]
• Indispensable matters, five, Suntzu on, [17]
• Indulgence, ill effects of, [57]
• Influences, four important, in war, [102]
• Initiative, disadvantage of, on suspended ground, [54]
• Inner spies, [71]
• Internal disorder, a cause of war, [80]
• Intersecting ground, [58];
• action on, [64]
• Inundation of enemy, on marshy ground, [106]
• Invincible, how ancient masters made armies, [28]
• Involved ground, [58], [59];
• action regarding, [59], [64]
• J
• Japan, Sun and Wu revered in, [14]
• Japanese tactics, unlike Chinese, [10];
• commentators on Chinese literature, [14]
• Javelin, one of the five arms, [88], note
• Justice, importance of, in rewards and punishment, [18];
• Wutzu on, [116]
• K
• Kingdom, the Middle, [87-88]
• Kuei, courage of, [62]
• L
• Lateness in field, cause of exhaustion, [34]
• Law, the, one of five indispensable matters in war, [17];
• includes partition and ordering of troops, [18];
• for defeating a country, or taking it, without strife, [24];
• touching the rule, measure, tables, and scales, and the foretelling of victory, [30]
• Leader, one of five indispensable matters in war, [17].
• (See [General])
• Letters, general should be master of, [101]
• Light esteem of enemy, result of, [52]
• Lightness, importance of, in operations, [93];
• four natures of, [93-94]
• Literature, Chinese, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, [7];
• Japanese commentators on, [14];
• thought compressed in, [14]
• Living spies, [71], [72]
• Lu, number of men in, [24], note
• Luya, [74]
• M
• Manœuvre, battle avoided by, [11];
• normal and abnormal, [31], [32];
• master in art of, [40]
• March, forced, [41];
• should be calm, like forest, [42]
• Marshes, unsuitable for camp, [44];
• disposal of troops regarding, [48];
• attack by fire of enemy encamped in, [106];
• inundation of enemy in, 106
• Measure, the second law of war, [30]
• Meres, ambush to be expected in, [49]
• Merit, recognition of, by enemy, [91];
• to be sought, advanced, and rewarded, [116];
• Lord Wen discriminates between guests with and without, [117]
• Messengers, enemy’s movements revealed by, [51]
• Midday, time for spirits of troops to flag, [43]
• Middle Kingdom, the, [87-88]
• Might, war of, [81]
• Modification of military plans, [19]
• Moon, in quarters suitable for attack by fire, [67-68]
• Moral of troops, [8];
• use of banners to maintain, [9]
• Motion of troops, dignified, [95]
• Mountain warfare, disposal of troops in, [47]
• Mountains, advance among, [112]
• Movement of troops, [47-53]
• Mu, Prince of Chin, example of, [82]
• Mysterious Thread, the, [71]
• Mystery, supposed to surround art of war, [14]
• N
• Night, fighting in, [43];
• voices calling in, [51]
• Nine Changes, the, [44-46]
• Nine Grounds, the, [58-67];
• action with regard to, [64];
• knowledge of, necessary to general, [65]
• Normal manœuvres, [31], [32]
• Numbers, proportionate, needed to attack and to divide, [26];
• subdivision of, [31];
• superiority of, an economy of strength, [37];
• no certain mark of strength, [52];
• Prince Yuhu’s trust in, [76];
• tactics regarding differences in, [109];
• of no avail in war in valleys, [112]
• O
• Obedience ensured by humane conduct, [53];
• early training in, [53]
• Obsequiousness in general, [52]
• Officers, when angered by soldiers, [51];
• weak with strong soldiers, and vice versa, [55]
• Officials, who have care for people, [91]
• Omens, discussion of, to be forbidden, [61]
• Open ground, movement on, [53-54]
• Opportunity, one of four important influences in war, [102], [103]
• Oracles, cases for attack, when needless to consult, [89]
• Order of Battle, the, [28-30]
• Order, importance of, [95]
• Outlet, for retiring enemy, [44];
• from enclosed ground, [59]
• Ovens, natural (mouths of valleys), 99
• P
• Pass, when to meet enemy in, [109]
• Passages, narrow, avoidance of, [49]
• Path-ridden ground, [58-59]
• Patriotism, not a factor in Chinese wars, [8]
• Penalties, Wutzu on, [104]
• Pennons, Wutzu on use of, [108]
• Pestilence, attack on enemy who endures, [90]
• Pike, one of five arms, [88], note
• Pillage by enemy, Wutzu on, [115]
• Plan of campaign, modifications in, [19]
• Pole star (standard), [99]
• Population, told by tables of laws of war, [30];
• division of, into military groups, [70], note;
• cases of enemy’s large, [90]
• Precipitous ground, occupation of, [54]
• Preparation, one of five important matters for general, [101-102]
• Pretence, war a thing of, [19]
• Procedure, military, [40]
• Procrastination, evil of, in war, [97]
• Profit, a cause of war, [80]
• Punishment, frequent, what betokened by, [52];
• when ordered by strange general, [52]
• Q
• Qualities, of the general, [101-107]
• R
• Rank, for those skilful in five arms, [88]
• Reason, one of five important matters for general, [101]
• Regard-over, for troops, dangerous fault, [46]
• Relaxation of troops, [55]
• Repulse, resulting from general’s incapacity, [55]
• Requirements of war, [20-21]
• Reserve (or flanking) force, [12]
• Rest, propriety in, [95]
• Rewards, justice in according, [18];
• for those who take advantage of enemy, [23];
• frequent, show lack of discipline, [52];
• general’s freedom in bestowing, [66];
• for families of skilful in five arms, [88];
• consequence of enemy’s wise bestowal of, [91];
• in advance, [94];
• to be given to merit, [116]
• Revenge, war of, [81]
• Riches, why denied to soldiers, [61]
• Right-hand men, [73], and note
• Righteous war, [81]
• Righteousness, overcome by propriety, [81];
• at root of achievement and merit, [79]
• Rivers of China affect operations, [12];
• encampment on, inundation, and poisoning of, [12];
• not to be crossed when turbulent, [49];
• observation of drawers from, [51]
• Roads to avoid, [45]
• Rule, as to survey of land, [30];
• general above, in bestowing rewards, [66];
• modified by circumstances, 67
• S
• Sanctuary, reckoning in, before fighting, [20]
• Scales, in laws of war, [30]
• Secret of war, Wutzu on, [104]
• Secret, ground of approaching attack to be kept, [37]
• Shen, Duke, [84]
• Shield, one of five arms, [88], note
• Siege, not to be undertaken, if avoidable, [25];
• misfortunes entailed by, [25]
• Simplicity, one of five important matters for leader, [101], [102]
• Simulation, use of, [33]
• Situation, important matter in war, [17]
• Snakes (banners), [99]
• Soldiers, training of, [18];
• strength of, [18]
• Sparrows, red (banners), [99]
• Spears, weapons for short men, [98]
• Spies, estimation of, in China, [13];
• Suntzu on power of, [13-14];
• on titles and salaries to, [70];
• five kinds of, [71];
• of enemy, [73];
• skillfully sown, [103]
• Spirit of troops, [31-34];
• compared to torrent, [33];
• good fighter seeks victory from, [34];
• keen in morning, [43];
• sustained by speed, [60];
• influence of, [102]
• Stables, care of, [99]
• Standard of Takeda Shingen, [42], note
• Standards to be entrusted to strong men, [98];
• Wutzu on use of, [104]
• Strata, Chinese division of earth and sky into nine, [29], note
• Stratagem, the attack by, [24-27];
• use of, on enclosed ground, [60];
• importance of, in war, [17]
• Strategy, secrets of, [20];
• how to outwit enemy by, [24];
• assault by, [25];
• in offering apparent advantage, [35];
• not to be repeated, if victorious, [39]
• Steep place, advantage of, [109]
• Store burning, [67]
• Strength, first in field husbands, [34];
• economy of, [37];
• ways of husbanding, [43]
• Strong, place of, with cowardly, [43]
• Sun. (See [Suntzu].)
• Sunny ground, [9]
• Suntzu, place of, in Chinese literature, [7];
• on march of army, [9];
• on offensive action, [10];
• tactics of, unlike Japanese, [10];
• disinterested comments on war by, [12-13];
• revered in Japan, [14];
• influence of, in late Japanese war, [15];
• not patriot, but strategist, [15];
• story told of, [15-16];
• Articles of, [17-74];
• on five indispensable matters, [17];
• on operations of war, [20-23];
• on attack by stratagem, [24-27];
• on Order of Battle, [28-30];
• on spirit of troops, [31-34];
• on emptiness and strength, [34-39];
• on battle tactics, [40-44];
• on the Nine Changes, [44-46];
• on movement of troops, [47-53];
• on ground, [53-57];
• on the Nine Grounds, [58-67];
• on assault by fire, [67-69];
• on the employment of spies, [70-74]
• Surprise, case of enemy taken by, [106]
• Survey of land, [30]
• Suspended ground, [54]
• Swamps, movements regarding, [49]
• Sympathy, between general and soldiers, [53];
• consequences of, [56-57]
• T
• Tables of population, [30]
• Tactics, skill in change of, [39];
• difficulty of military, [40];
• battle, [40-44]
• Takeda Shingen, words on standard of, [42], note
• Tang, Lord, of Cheng, [79]
• Temper, quick, dangerous fault in general, [46]
• Tigers, white (banners), [99]
• Tortoises (banners), [99]
• Training, one of seven important military matters, [18];
• Wutzu esteems first requirement in war, [97]
• Transport, loss of, through bad tactics, [41]
• Trees, movement among, [49-50]
• Truce, apologies betray anxiety for, [52]
• Tsu, number of men in, [24], note
• Turtle, enquiry by, [78], and note
• Tyranny, war of, [81]
• U
• Umbrella, part of Chinese soldier’s equipment, [9]
• Uniformity, brought about by authority, [53]
• Unity results from position of troops in enemy’s land, [61]
• Unrighteous war, [81]
• V
• Valleys, movement of troops regarding steep, [49];
• advance in, [112];
• war in, [112]
• Victory, how to foretell, [18];
• instruments of, [21];
• the object of war, [23], [69];
• five heralds of, [27];
• skillful soldiers ensure, [28];
• not always real success, [29];
• how to calculate, [30];
• spirit, great factor in, [34];
• ground handmaid of, [56];
• good government foundation of, [95]
• Vigilance, when especially necessary, [52];
• one of five important matters for general, [101], [102]
• Village spies, [71]
• Virtue of the prince, one of seven important matters, [18];
• essential for general, [103]
• Virtues, the five, comprised in “The Way,” [17], note
• Voices in night, signification of, in war, 51
• W
• Waggons, cost of upkeep of, [21]
• War, evils in train of, [12-13];
• a thing of pretence, [19];
• requirements of, [20-21];
• quick accomplishment of, desirable, [21], [22];
• evils of, should be realised, [22];
• victory—not long operations—object of, [23];
• supreme art of, [24];
• no fixity in spirit of, [39];
• action on declaration of, [66];
• five causes of, [80];
• five natures of, [81];
• ways of overcoming five natures of, [81]
• Water, army likened to, [39];
• troops in relation to, [47];
• observation of drawers of, [51];
• isolation or division of enemy by, [68-69];
• attack on enemy who lacks, [89];
• striking of enemy when half across, [93], [114]
• Way, the, an indispensable matter in war, [17];
• skillful leader steadfast in, [30];
• Wutzu on, [78-79]
• Weapons, the five, [88], note;
• condition of enemy’s important, [91];
• distribution of, to tall, short, strong, bold, feeble, and wise, [98]
• Wei, Wen, Lord of, [75];
• army of, opposes that of Chin, [117-118];
• victory by, [119]
• Wen, Prince of Chin, example of, [82]
• Wen, Lord of Wei, questions Wutzu, [75];
• result of questioning by, [77];
• addresses further questions, [81], [83], [85], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [98], [99], [106], [108], [109], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116];
• treatment by, of guests with great, medium, and deficient merit, [117];
• proposal by Wutzu to, [118]
• Whistles, Wutzu on use of, [108]
• Wind, question of, in assault by fire, [68];
• attack on enemy who has encountered, [89];
• direction of, to be studied, [99]
• Woods, advance among, [112]
• Words, big or smooth, meaning of, [50]
• Wu, number of men in, [24], note
• Wu, soldiers of, [38];
• hatred between men of, and those of Yueh, [62]
• Wutzu, place of, in Chinese literature, [7];
• offensive-defensive tactics of, [10];
• comments disinterestedly on war, [12-13];
• revered in Japan, [14];
• influence of, in late Japanese war, [15];
• not patriot, but strategist, [15];
• instance of low moral character of, [16];
• sayings of, [75-119];
• a scholar, but skilled in war, [75];
• made general before altar, [77];
• on controlling army, selecting men, and strengthening country, [81-82];
• on distribution of men, [82];
• on battle array, [83];
• gives instance of Lord Chuang of Chu, [84];
• sayings on estimation of the enemy, [85-93];
• on eight cases of attack, [89];
• on six enemies to avoid, [90-91];
• on judgment of enemy’s condition, [92];
• on best time for attack, [92-93];
• on control of army, [93-100];
• on maintenance of order, [96];
• on expectation of life or death, [96];
• on training, [97];
• on treatment of horses, [99];
• on qualities of general, [101-107];
• on four important influences of war, [102];
• on use of bells, drums, flags, standards, banners, laws, and penalties, [104];
• on secret of war, [104];
• advice for case of troops in confusion, [108];
• on numerical differences, [109];
• on division of troops into five armies, [110-111];
• on differences of position, [112];
• on war in valleys, [112];
• on water fighting, [114];
• on fighting after long rain, [114];
• on pillage by enemy, [115];
• on investing a castle, [115];
• on impartiality, [116];
• success of counsels of, [119]
• Y
• Yang, principle in Chinese philosophy, [18], note
• Yen, estimation of soldiers of, [85-86];
• nature of, [87]
• Yin, principle in Chinese philosophy, [18], note
• Yin, province of, [73]
• Yin, even number, [76], note
• Yueh, continually at war with Wu, [38], note
• Yuhu, Prince, [76]

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] The five virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith are known as The Way.

[2] The Yin and Yang are the two principles into which natural phenomena are divided in Chinese philosophy. Yin is the masculine, active, or light principle, and Yang is the feminine, passive, or dark principle. In this connection, day and night, rain, mist and wind are designated.

[3] The Chinese army consisted of 12,500, the “lu” of 500, “tsu” of 50, and the “wu” of 5 men.

[4] The “Chuyin” was a large tower or work constructed to give command over the interior of the enemy’s fortress.

High poles were also erected, from the top of which archers, each encased in an arrow-proof box and raised by a rope and pulley, shot at the besieged.

[5] Literally 9th heaven, and 9th earth. The Chinese divided the earth and sky each into 9 strata.