[68] The large former settlement of the Opatas at Casas Grandes, at the western foot of the Sierra Madre in Chihuahua, cannot be considered in connection with this discussion, for it was called “Hue-hueri-gi-ta,” and was already deserted in the sixteenth century.
[69] The application by the whites of foreign names to Indian tribes is very frequent in America.
[70] We may remark further that interchanges of b and v were common with the early Spanish writers, and that Fray Marcos de Nizza was a Piedmontese, who, writing in the Italian style, wrote Ci for the English Chi; thus the similarity between Shiuano and Chivola becomes greater, and the difference limits itself to such a confusion of sounds and such exchanges of letters arising from it as are often and strikingly exemplified in the Indian names of places in New Mexico; for example, in the Tehua language, Ta-ui into Taos; in the Queres, Pa-go or Pa-yo-qo-na into Pecos, Hamish into Jemez, Qo-tyi-ti into Cochiti; the Tigua word Tuth-la-nay into Tutahaco; Saray into Xalay, Na-si-ap into Napeya; the Zuñi names Mu-gua into Moqui, Hacuqua into Acuco. It is therefore not unreasonable to suppose that the name Cibola, as the Italian monk heard and pronounced it, was strikingly similar to the word in the Zuñi language that denotes the Zuñi country; therefore this first linguistic clue suggests that the “seven cities of Cibola” may be sought in the region of Zuñi.
[71] They are also known in Sonora as Névomé.
[72] As they still did at the beginning of this century.
[73] Then called Mar Vermejo, the Red Sea. It was navigated for the first time by Francisco de Ulloa, in 1539.
[74] Properly, uninhabited region—“desierto.”
[75] Casteñeda’s work was not printed till 1838, and then in a French translation.
[76] The earliest documentary data on the subject are of 1655.
[77] A former mission, which the Apaches burned in 1836, and in the place of which stands a miserable hamlet.