The chatter of red squirrels, their piles of middens and their busy harvesting activities, add cheer and life to the northern woods.
Northern Flying Squirrel
Glaucomys sabrinus yukonensis
When the gesticulating red squirrel has finished his daylight bustling and retires to his nest, the flying squirrel comes forth to take over the night, but in a gentle and quiet manner. Like the night-flying owl, its coat is soft and its flight silent.
The furred “wing” membranes on each side of the body are attached to the full length of the fore and hind legs and are supported and extended in part by a cartilaginous process growing out from the wrist. Thus when the legs are extended laterally, the squirrel becomes a glider with the most delicate and reliable controls. His sailing carries him from the top of one tree to the base of another where he checks his speed by an upward swing and alights with a soft thud. Sharp claws and squirrel agility give him the climbing ability to get quickly up a tree. Where trees are widely spaced as they are in some stands of large cottonwoods, he may in winter make a five-point landing in the snow, his broad thickly-furred tail serving as rudder and gliding surface, and to a less extent as a landing ski. I have seen tracks showing a touch and a raise before the final landing with legs drawn under; then follow long jumps over the snow to the nearest tree. The nest is usually built in a tree cavity.
Perhaps the height of night esthetics is lying in a sleeping bag under the open sky, the stars and moon lighting up the spaces between the trees, and watching a family of flying squirrels gliding overhead in their night play, their shadowy forms silhouetted against the moonlit sky.
Porcupine
Erethizon dorsatum myops
The porcupine has been accused of being slow-witted, but we must admit that he has not done badly for he is able to lead an unhurried life in the country. His quill protection has, no doubt, decreased his need for mental activity, and his eyesight does seem deficient. But his hearing is quite keen, and judging by his nose activity it appears that his sense of smell is on the acute side. His mental and physical attributes are all based on the quill.
The upper surface of the porcupine, except for the vulnerable face, is covered with several hundred ivory colored quills, touched with black or brown, and reaching a length up to at least 2½ inches. They are needle-sharp and just back from the tip are numerous minute barbs. When the quill enters the flesh of an enemy, any muscular movement causes the quill to move forward until it emerges on the opposite side or becomes lodged against the bone or under the hide.
When the porcupine senses danger he raises the quills on his back and has his muscular spine-studded tail in readiness to flip upward. He tries to keep his rear toward the enemy and to push his head into protective brush. The quills are loosely attached to the skin so pull out readily when they stick into anything. The underside of the body, in addition to the face, lacks quills but because of the short legs, the belly region is close to the ground and not vulnerable unless the porcupine is flipped over on his back. I knew a sled dog that sometimes killed porcupines by weaving and maneuvering until he had an opportunity to grasp the vulnerable nose and thus avoid the quills. Wolves, coyotes and wolverines feed on porcupines; possibly they use a similar technique in overcoming the quill armor.
In winter the porcupine feeds extensively on the inner bark and the needles of conifers. The patches where the bark has been removed are a common sight in porcupine woods. The spruces, in the last stand of timber on the east side of the Toklat River along the road, were nearly all killed by girdling, many of them back in the 1920’s when the porcupine population was extremely high. This scraggly woods is a favorite nesting area for pigeon hawks, sparrow hawks, magpies, and shrikes so that porcupine activity that seemed generally harmful has been highly beneficial to these species. Many porcupines spend the winter in a willow patch beyond the spruce and subsist on willow. For shelter in winter a windfall, hollow tree, or an old fox or wolf den may be used. Several may take residence under a cabin.