We shall be content with giving a few of the observations of the Arabians, of whom Haly is the most full and accurate upon this head. The lungs and the other parts within the chest being the organs of life, when affected, they occasion inflammation of the heart. Expectoration indicates some affection of those parts. When the expectoration is thin and small in quantity, the disease is not concocted; when the sputa are of moderate consistence and equable, the disease is at its acme; when thick, it is certainly on the decline. Thinness indicates that the humour which occasions the complaint is of a subtle nature; thickness, the contrary. Blackness indicates vehement heat. Green sputa are indicative of the presence of green bile, white of phlegm, and redness of blood. When fetid, they proceed from putrefaction. Black sputa indicate great danger.
Prosper Alpinus makes many ingenious remarks on the characters of the sputa. (De Vita et Morte ægrot. vii, 19.)
SECT. XVI.—THE DIAGNOSIS AND CURE OF EPHEMERAL FEVERS.
It is a peculiar and inseparable symptom of ephemeral fevers, that concoction of the urine takes place on the first day; and a pleasant state of the heat is likewise peculiar and inseparable from such fevers. After the first resolution of the fever, you will have a still more confident diagnosis; for the motion of the arteries then becomes similar to that of persons in health, whereas no other fever returns so soon to the natural state. And it is also a very great mark of this fever that the patient bears it well. Those persons are readily seized with this complaint in whom the perspirations are not vaporous, but very acrid, as if containing something fuliginous. Such are they who are of a hot and dry temperament, and, in fine, those who are troubled with bitter bile. Those who are seized with this fever from fatigue should be rubbed softly with oil and bathed; but those from dryness, are to be rubbed less and bathed more. Those from cares, grief, watchfulness, or anger, are not to be bathed often, but slightly rubbed with plenty of tepid oil possessed of little stypticity; and bathed according to habit. Those who have been seized with the fever from inordinate heat are to be treated from the commencement with cooling things and more baths, but by no means with much oil and friction. The cooling things should be rose oil, or cold oil of unripe olives, prepared without salts. The same are to be poured upon the open of the head, and the bath used when the fever has passed its acme. If a person has a fever from congelation, he is to be bathed in the decline; but if the fever be attended with catarrh, he is not to be bathed until concoction takes place; but those who have fever from exposure to heat are to be bathed while these symptoms are present. Those from exposure to cold are to be warmed moderately, and have the head bathed with such applications as the oil of iris and of nard. To those in whom the fever is occasioned by constriction of the skin, the proper remedies are, tepid baths of sweet waters, friction to open the pores, exercises, and an exhilarating diet. Those in whom the fever is occasioned by want of food are to be led to the bath after the decline of the first paroxysm, and to have plenty of tepid oil poured upon them; are to be rubbed most gently, and to remain for the greater part of the time in the cistern of the warm bath. After coming out and recovering their strength, they are to be led again to the bath, and afterwards get warm water to drink, the juice of ptisan, and sometimes of lettuce; and are to partake of fishes having tender flesh, in white broth. The common diet in all these cases ought to consist of things which contain good juices, of easy digestion, and which will not be restrained within the pores of the skin. Wine should be given which is watery in appearance and strength. It will sometimes be proper, on the first attack of the fever, to give some nourishing food, when the fever has been enkindled by an intemperament inclining to the hot and dry. Those who have this fever from inflammation of the glands of the groin, do not require a physician to instruct them what ought to be done; for, attending to the ulcer from the time that the bubo is formed, they take the bath in the decline of the paroxysm. But they ought to be restricted as to wine, until the inflammation of the groin is resolved, and use a spare diet.
Commentary. Among all the remains of ancient medicine which have come down to us, there is not, perhaps, anything more valuable than the reports of febrile diseases, contained in the ‘Epidemics’ of Hippocrates, illustrated, as they fortunately are, by the learned ‘Commentaries’ of Galen. Many of them are histories of ephemeral fevers, brought on by certain exciting causes, and terminating in synochus. The procatarctic causes generally assigned are fatigue, excessive debauchery, grief, exposure to extreme heat or cold, and the like.
Hippocrates thus defines the duty of the physician in conducting the treatment of febrile diseases: To be able to tell what had preceded them; to know the present state and foretel the future; to have two objects in view, either to do good, or at least to do no harm. (Epidem. i, 7.) His general rule with regard to regimen in fevers is most important, namely, that a diluent or moistening diet is proper in all febrile affections. (Aphoris. i, 16.) See his Comment. (t. ii, p. 283, ed. Dietz.)
Of no disease has Galen treated so frequently and fully as of fever. (See de Diff. Febrium, Meth. Med. viii and ix; Therap. ad Glauc., de Crisibus ii, 13, et alibi.) He everywhere inculcates that ephemeral fevers are affections of the spirits, by which he seems to have understood the heat and gases contained in the blood. The exciting or remote causes of them, according to him, are want of sleep, indigestion, sorrow, fear, anger, anxiety, the application of heat and cold, excessive fatigue, tumour of the groin, and the like. He remarks, that the heat in these fevers is not offensive on the first application of the fingers, but conveys an acrid sensation after a short time. He has particularly stated constriction as a proximate cause of fever; and this, by the way, is agreeable to what is stated by Cælius Aurelianus: “quidam vero conclusioni viarum causam febrium ascribentes.” (Acut. Morb. ii, 33.) In this variety, he approves of venesection, unless the patient be a child or a very old man. In the other cases, his most approved remedy is the bath; but his treatment is judiciously varied, according to circumstances. For example, when the fever arises from the depressing passions, he forbids hard friction and frequent baths, and merely directs us to pour tepid oil over the patient’s body. When it is produced by exposure to heat, he forbids us to use much oil, or to have recourse to hard friction, and directs us to pour upon the head water which has been cooled by means of ice, and to put the patient into a cold bath. Alexander, however, finds fault with him for giving heating medicines, such as pepper, and using hot applications over the stomach in such cases. Alexander’s account of the nature and treatment of these fevers cannot be perused with too much attention. He mentions as characteristics of ephemerals, that the urine is properly concocted from the first; and that the pulses have a quick and elevated diastole, with a shorter systole; the vessels, he adds, requiring refrigeration, rather than purification. They arise, he says, from many and various causes, such as repletion, want, watchfulness, fatigue, disorder of the belly, apostemes; and, in a word, from all the procatarctic causes. When the fever is occasioned by excessive fatigue, the indication, he states, is to supply moisture to the body, rather than to take from it. Hence, all friction with discutient oils ought to be avoided; and what is used for rubbing the body should be mixed with much water. But the principal dependence is to be put upon the tepid bath. Here, again, he thinks that Galen erred, in not directing that the oil used for rubbing the body should be diluted with water. He adds, that it will often have an excellent effect after the patient has come out of the tepid bath, and been anointed as directed, to make him take a warm bath and remain in it for a considerable time. When ephemerals arise from indigestion, he gives very minute directions for the treatment, according to the nature of the exciting cause. When connected with constriction, he approves of bleeding, if, as generally happens, it be attended with fulness.
Oribasius and Aëtius treat of ephemeral fevers in much the same terms as our author.
Palladius says that ephemerals are affections of the spirits, arising from some external exciting cause, such as fatigue, intoxication, anxiety, watchfulness, or from a tumour of the groin. Celsus gives a similar enumeration of the causes, but in briefer terms: “Febris ex inguine, vel ex lassitudine, vel ex æstu, aliâve simili re est.” Almost all the authorities, from Hippocrates downwards, mention enlargement of the glands, especially those of the groin, among the causes of fever. Agathias, the historian, remarks, that pestilential fever is attended with enlargement of the inguinal glands, but does not terminate favorably in one day, like the ephemerals. (Hist. v.) Stephanus, the commentator, accounts for the enlargement of the glands in fever, as being a collection of the impurities of the system in its weakest points. (Ed. Dietz, p. 244 and 256.)
Nonnius enumerates nearly the same causes of these fevers as our author, whom he appears to have followed closely. He remarks, that ephemerals are sometimes protracted to the third or fourth day, from which it appears that the term is not to be taken in too strict a sense. Leo, also, expresses himself in like terms.