Commentary. The greater part of this Section is taken from Galen (de Caus. Symp. l. c.), who, as usual, handles the subject very philosophically. Oribasius treats of it in nearly the same terms as our author. (Synops. vi, 37, 38, 39.) Aëtius remarks that there are two causes of thirst, a want of humidity, or a redundance of heat. In fevers, then, both these causes cooperate to occasion thirst; for there is excess of heat originally, and dryness comes on owing to the fluids of the body being consumed by the febrile heat. (v, 119.)
The question was keenly agitated in the ancient schools of medicine, whether cold drink might be safely given in fevers. Hippocrates was a great advocate for this practice, giving his patients barley-water and acidulated draughts very freely at all periods. Asclepiades, on the other hand, as Celsus and Alexander inform us, forbade even to wash the patient’s mouth with water during the first stage of a fever. Celsus is disposed to hold a middle course between these opposite methods of practice. He particularly approves of washing the mouth and fauces frequently with cold water, because, as Erasistratus had properly remarked, these parts often required cold liquids, while the internal parts are not in want of them. Philumenus (ap. Aëtium) also strongly recommends gargles, but forbids cold drink freely until after the acme of the fever. Alexander informs us that the celebrated Archigenes allowed his patients the free use of cold water and acidulated drinks. He himself does not speak very decidedly for or against this practice, but, upon the whole, is disposed to think well of it, unless there be inflammation, hardness, or swelling anywhere. He approves, however, of cold applications externally: and, accordingly, directs us to apply to the region of the stomach a bladder filled with cold water, ice, or some cooling decoction.
Of the Arabians, Serapion expresses himself most decidedly in favour of cold drink. Avicenna forbids much to be given at a time. See also Haly Abbas (Pract. iii, 22); Alsaharavius (Pract. xvi, 14); Averrhoes (Collig. vii, 24); and Rhases (Contin. xxx.)
The pill mentioned in the end of the Section is from Dioscorides.
Prosper Alpinus represents the Methodists to have disapproved of the free use of cold water in fever. (Med. Meth. vi, 7.)
The highest of the ancient authorities, as for example, Galen, Avicenna, and Averrhoes, agreed in allowing wine, much diluted with water, in fevers. Galen says, the wine should be attenuant and of a light colour. According to Avicenna, wine thus plenteously diluted with water is preferable to plain water, as it promotes perspiration.
Fabius Paulinus gives an admirable exposition of the philosophical doctrines of the ancients on this subject. He remarks that there are three distinct species of thirst. The first is occasioned by the fauces and œsophagus being drier or hotter than natural. This state, if it supervene upon sleep, is to be cured by watchfulness, or vice versa. In the second, the veins over the whole body are filled with hot and acrid humours. In the third, the mouth of the stomach, lungs, or heart are preternaturally hot or dry. (Marc. Prælect. 315.)
SECT. LIV.—ON THE ROUGHNESS OF THE TONGUE.
We may moisten asperity of the tongue, by making the patients retain in the mouth a decoction of linseed. But it will be more efficacious if sebesten plums be boiled with the linseed. Having immersed the finger in this liquor, and rubbed the tongue with it, let them rinse the mouth with clear water, or let them clean it with a sponge, and then anoint it with rose oil. And the oil of roses mixed with honey also answers well. Likewise the juice of the purslain retained in the mouth, and the sumach used for condiments, when mixed with honied water, have a good effect. Damascenes, also, and the bones of the sebesten plum retained in the mouth, and rolled on the tongue, and the stem of the lettuce, answer well. Archigenes says, that the Indian salt, which, in colour and consistence is like the common salt, but which resembles honey in taste, when chewed to the size of a lentil, or, at most, of a bean, moistens greatly. They should lie upon the side (for lying upon the back dries greatly), and they ought to keep the mouth shut, because keeping it open allows the moisture to dry up. Sneezing properly produced, moistens the tongue more effectually than any other means.
Commentary. This Section is taken from Oribasius. (Synops. vi, 43.)