Commentary. Consult Hippocrates (de Morbo Sacro); Galen (de Sympt. Diff. 3; De Loc. Affect. iii, 11; De Puero Epileptico); Oribasius (Synops. viii, 3); Aëtius (vi, 13); Aretæus (Morb. Acut. i, 5; Morb. Chron. i, 4); Pseudo-Dioscorides (Euporist. i, 21); Alexander (i, 15); Leo (6); Actuarius (Meth. Med. i, 16); Nonnus (36); Serenus Samonicus; Scribonius Largus (12); Apuleius (Apologia); Celsus (iii, 23); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 2); Isidorus (Orig. iv, 8); Pliny (H. N. xxv, 5); Avicenna (iii, i, 5, 9); Serapion (i, 23); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 6; Pract. v, 21); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 36); Avenzoar (i, 9); Mesue (de Ægr. Cap. 26); Rhases (Div. 7, alibique.)
Our author derives his principles of treatment, more especially with respect to regimen and diet, from Galen’s directions for the management of an epileptic boy. Part seems also to be borrowed from Oribasius.
Hippocrates with great good sense rebuts the popular belief of his own times, that the epileptic paroxysm is produced by demoniacal influence. He justly remarks, that the inferior animals, such as goats, are subject to this complaint; and that in them it is found to be occasioned by water in the brain. It is almost certain that the morbus sacer of the ancients, and the disease under which the demoniacs laboured was epilepsy. See Athenæus (Deipnos. vii, 33), with the notes of Casaubon and Schweigh.; also Coray (ad Hippocrat. de Aq. &c. 12.) Leo, in fact, says expressly, when treating of epilepsy, that the vulgar call the disease the demon and lunacy; and in like manner Aretæus mentions that some refer the disease to the moon. See further Galen (Introductio); Dietz (ad Hippocrat. de Morbo Sacro); and Greenhill (Adnot. ad Theophil. v. 30, p. 340.)
Celsus lays down his rules of treatment with his usual judgment and elegance. His practice is very similar to our author’s. He recommends bleeding; purging with black or white hellebore; shaving the head and applying cupping-instruments to it, and, in desperate cases, even the actual cautery; also friction of the extremities, and bleeding in the foot, along with attention to exercise and diet. The use of hellebore in epilepsy is mentioned by Pliny, and by Aulus Gellius (Noct. Attic. xvii, 15.)
The poet Lucretius gives a very glowing and accurate description of the symptoms and causes of epilepsy. (De Rerum Natura, iii, 485.)
Aretæus delivers separately the treatment of an acute attack and of the disease when in a chronic state. For the former he recommends the general remedies (we mean bleeding, clysters, and emetics.) Among the medicines enumerated by him for the cure of epilepsy, he mentions copper, which, he says, when given with cardamon, will act either upwards or downwards. We need scarcely say that copper has been strongly eulogised in modern practice. In the treatment of chronic cases he pays particular attention to the head, opening the veins and arteries of it, boring the bone down to the diploe, and applying the actual cautery to it. A more rational and less dangerous procedure was the application of embrocations containing cantharides and other such rubefacients to the scalp; in that case he recommends milk to be drunk beforehand, to prevent the bladder from being affected.
Aretæus and most of the authorities mention the gagate stone or jet as a test of epilepsy. The smell of it was said to bring on an attack. He exclaims in affecting terms against the abominable means often had recourse to for the cure of this disease. And so also Pliny (H. N. xxviii, 2.)
Aëtius, Oribasius, Actuarius, and Alexander treat the disease upon the same principles as our author. Alexander, although otherwise a most judicious and original writer, expresses great confidence in the use of amulets, for the preparation of which he gives very minute directions. Jasper is particularly commended as an efficacious amulet. One of his amulets is the nail taken from the arm of a malefactor who had been crucified! In his general treatment he particularly approves of giving drastic purgatives and emetics.
Isidorus thus defines epilepsy: “Epilepsia vocabulum sumpsit quod mentem apprehendens pariter etiam corpus possideat. Fit autem ex melancholico humore quoties exuberaverit, et ad cerebrum adversus fuerit.”