On disorder of the eye, and particularly of ophthalmy. Disorder of the eye is a wateriness and heat of it, with preternatural redness, not occasioned by any cause within the body, but by some external one, such as the sun, smoke, dust, or the wind; wherefore it is soon dispelled when the cause is removed. And ophthalmy is a marked disorder, which may be occasioned not only by an external cause, but also without any obvious one, and remains until the third, fourth, or fifth day. It is best cured by avoiding every external exciting cause, by spare diet, drinking water, walking, and by opening the belly.
On inflammation. When inflammation remains in the eyes after evacuation of the general system, we may use ointments for dispelling the rheum, and soothing the irritation, such as the collyrium of Nilus made from roses, the chiac, or the collyrium from nard. When the tunica adnata is inflamed, we may use the collyria called monhemera, injecting them into the eye with the white of an egg. Next day, if the inflammation be not aggravated, we may anoint them with the collyrium of nard, and use a fomentation of the decoction of melilot and fenugreek. When the humour which occasions the ophthalmy is thick, we may use medicines which are neither obstruents nor incrassants, but which, on the contrary, will dissipate, dilute, and evacuate the humours, such as the chiac collyrium. But, if the humours are impacted in the head, we may fix a cupping instrument to the hind head, or scarify, or apply leeches to the forehead, near the eye affected. We must use cataplasms of pure bread soaked in water, with a little rose-oil, or polenta boiled in the decoction of poppy-heads also with rose-oil. We may also use a more efficacious cataplasm from saffron, melilot, the fleshy parts of dates, the tender leaves of coriander, eggs, and roasted wheat and crumbs of bread dipped in a decoction with a small quantity of rose oil, in a decoction of pounded poppy heads. We mix also the seed of the poppy as an anodyne. If compelled by the severity of the pain, we must add a little opium; but, unless the pain be very violent, we must abstain from all narcotics. If the inflammation be moderate, apply aloes by itself, or rub it in with water or the white of an egg. In order that the remedy may be ready for use, take of saffron, dr. vj; of aloes, dr. xvj; of gum, dr. ix; mix with rain water, and make a collyrium. And the saffron collyria, as they are called, are proper for the commencement of ophthalmies. In those cases in which there is an œdematous and white swelling about the eyebrows and tunica adnata, without injury of the coats, the best applications are those called liquid collyria, prepared from saffron, copperas, and honey. And this one is excellent:
A liquid anodyne collyrium. Of the melanteria used by tanners, of Attic honey, of the juice of fenugreek, equal parts. Boil to the thickness of honey, and touch the two angles of the eye with it, by means of the rounded extremity of a specillum or probe.
For a copious defluxion. For a flow of humours, in the commencement abstinence from food is proper, and the drinking of water, and most especially abstinence from venery; the belly should be opened, and the face washed with a watery oxycrate, if the rheum be of a hot nature; but if otherwise, the forehead and eyebrows may be anointed with copperas and honey. Some dissolve the copperas in water, and bathe with it. In defluxions without inflammation, or with inflammation, but so that the affection is seated above the skull, we must use agglutinative applications to the forehead, either simple ones, such as green vine leaves, or the juice of the bramble, or of purslain, or of quinces with some fine polenta, or with gall levigated in wine, or with fine polenta or hemlock, or flea-wort with water, or nightshade, or snails with their shells pulverized, and applied from temple to temple, and, in a word, with things of an astringent and cooling nature, or with the following compound applications: Wheat flour, and myrrh or frankincense, with the white of an egg, may be rubbed in; or Samian earth, with myrrh and manna, in like manner, with the white of an egg; but in colder defluxions, of native sulphur, of bitumen, of pitch, of colophonian rosin, of each, dr. ij; also the trochisk of Musa, that called aster, and the like, are suitable repellents. And the theriac, dissolved in an astringent wine, and rubbed on the forehead, stops cold defluxions, and may be drunk with great advantage. Over the eye apply wool, or a small rag wet in the white of an egg; and new-made cheese, in like manner, when applied to the eye, restrains acrid defluxions in particular; also the astringent collyria, as they are called, when rubbed in or injected into the eye in a watery state, do the same thing. But if the humour be deep-seated, and below the skull, and if fixed there for a length of time, after the general evacuations use errhines and masticatories, shaving the head, and applying rubefacients to it. But to these must be joined the surgical operations for the head, namely, Angiology, Arteriotomy, Hypospathismus, and Periscyphismus, with burning at the vertex down to the bone. But cupping instruments, with scarifications applied to the hind-head, will produce a revulsion of the defluxion. The symptoms of defluxions external to the skull are distension of the vessels of the forehead and temples, forming, as it were, a band to the head, and the complaint being remedied by agglutinative applications of a desiccant nature. When these symptoms are not present, and the defluxion proves of long duration, and sometimes is exasperated by sternutatories, the humour is to be supposed seated below the skull.
On chemosis. The disease is called chemosis when both the eyelids are everted in consequence of a violent inflammation, so that the eyes are scarcely covered by them, and the white of the eye is elevated above the black, is red, and occupies a large portion of the black. We must cure it by phlebotomy, purging, the white collyrium of roses, and the spodiac, with milk, or the white of an egg, and we may anoint the eyelids, temples, and forehead with the same, and have recourse to paregoric fomentations and cataplasms. When the inflammation begins to remit, we may rub in the more acrid applications, such as the green one from roses.
On hyposphagma and emphysema. Hyposphagma is a rupture of the veins of the tunica adnata, occasioned most frequently by a blow. Bathe the eyes with the blood of the wood-pigeon, or of the common pigeon, or the warm milk of a woman in which a little frankincense has been triturated, and inject brine, more particularly that from Cappadocian salts, and use a fomentation from the decoction of hyssop. Swellings about the eyes from blows are remedied by repeated fomentations with oxycrate, or a sponge out of oxycrate may be applied to them, or a liniment may be used, consisting of equal parts of burnt lapis specularis, and pigeon’s dung, triturated with wine or vinegar. Or a cataplasm may be applied of new cheese, or of the rind of radishes, or of dried grapes without the stones. Each of these is to be mixed with oxycrate or honied water. The same remedies apply also to emphysema.
On prurient emphysema and psorophthalmia. Emphysema is an œdematous swelling of the eyelids; but psorophthalmia is a scabious eruption of the eyelids attended with pruritus, arising from a saltish and nitrous humour. They are remedied by oxycrate, the decoction of lentils, and a fomentation of roses. The following is a liquid collyrium: Of copper, dr. vj; of calcined misy, and myrrh, of each, dr. iij; of saffron, dr. iss; of pepper, dr. j; of Chian wine, and Cretan sweet wine, of each 1½ cyathus; boil to the thickness of honey. This is the collyrium of Erasistratus called panchrestos, which applies to cynanche, ulcers in the mouth, and on the privy parts, and to the earache. They are to be rubbed with oil into the patient’s eyebrows when he is going to sleep. Acid, saltish, and acrid things are to be abstained from.
On sclerophthalmia and xerophthalmia. Sclerophthalmia is a hardness of the eye with difficulty of motion, pain, and redness, without wateriness. For this the eyes are to be fomented frequently with sponges out of hot water; and at bedtime the white of an egg with rose-oil, or the fat of geese, may be applied to the eyelids. Let them avoid everything of a cooling and hardening nature; let the head be covered and anointed, and the belly kept open. Xerophthalmia is a pruriginous affection of the eyes without rheum. It is to be cured by baths, unguents, and a wholesome diet. Applications of an acrid nature are suitable to both, as they promote a flow of tears, by which the hardness will be softened, and the dryness rendered more humid. Such are the panchrestos of Erasistratus, and those called dicenteton and stratioticum.
On ectropion, or eversion of the eyelids. This complaint is an eversion of the eyelid, occasioned either by a scar or fungous flesh. When it is occasioned by fungous flesh, and is of long duration, roast scraped verdigris, pulverise it and apply, or use burned lead washed with sulphur vivum, or apply both in equal parts, namely, the verdigris and the lead. Ectropion from a cicatrix, if at all remediable, must be cured by a surgical operation.