Marcellus condemns ligatures to the extremities, but approves of applying to the chest a sponge soaked in cold water or acrid vinegar.
We have not room for many extracts from the Arabians, who, however, supply little additional information, although they treat fully of the disease. We would refer to Avicenna’s account as being particularly full and excellent. He approves of the internal use of vinegar, and when there is a tickling cough, of anodynes, such as mandragora, henbane, and poppy. Rhases and Serapion approve of sponging the chest with vinegar. Averrhoes, who is fond of contradicting preceding authorities, condemns the practice of giving vinegar in hemoptysis. Mesue recommends the use of chalybeate water for drink. He approves in general of astringents. Haly Abbas gives a very full and interesting account of the causes and varieties of the disease, and modifies his treatment accordingly. He recommends bleeding from the basilic vein, to be repeated if circumstances require, purging with gentle laxatives, such as myrobalans and rhubarb, giving demulcents, such as gum arabic and starch, to which poppy is sometimes to be added, for allaying irritation. He directs the bath, strong exercise, and vociferation to be avoided. When the disease arises from a cold cause (he means in cases of passive hemorrhage), he forbids venesection, and recommends stimulants, such as frankincense and myrrh. In certain cases he allows astringents, such as alum, balaustine, galls, sumach, &c. He also directs us to apply to the breast an astringent cerate containing roses, plantain, purslain, &c. Alsaharavius recommends bleeding, cold applications to the chest, opiates, and astringents, according to circumstances. Rhases states that opium, by thickening or congealing the blood, proves useful in hemoptysis. He approves very much of a milk-diet. In general he recommends venesection. He directs the physician to be at pains to ascertain from what part the blood proceeds.
Cold applications to the chest are not now generally resorted to in this disease, although it will be seen that the ancient authorities generally approve of this practice. It will be remarked, however, that Galen condemns the indiscriminate use of this remedy; and Rhases also states that he had seen mischief produced by the unseasonable application of cold to the chest. In short, like every other mode of practice, it ought, no doubt, to be applied with proper caution and discrimination.
SECT. XXXII.—ON EMPYEMA AND PHTHISIS.
Empyema is formed either in the cavities of the chest, or in the pleura, sometimes arising from vomiting of blood, when the ulcer has not healed (in which case phthisis soon comes on, provided the discharge came from the lungs), and sometimes from a precursory inflammation, which has formed into an abscess and burst (as is sometimes the case in pleurisy), or from a defluxion from the head. The symptoms of a confirmed empyema are weight in the chest, an intense dry cough, with pain, and sometimes with a fluid, in which case they seem to experience an alleviation. At the commencement the attacks of fever are weak, irregular, and difficult to perceive; but when the abscess is about to burst, they have more violent fever, attended with rigor, and in speaking their breathing is obstructed. When the abscess bursts, matter is brought up, sometimes pure and sometimes feculent: sometimes it is discharged upwards, when it is attended with more danger; and sometimes downwards, in which case the matter is partly translated to the stomach and bowels; and partly to the bladder, the metastasis taking place by certain vessels. All along they have hectic fever until the ulcer becomes clean; and if this do not speedily take place, the empyema is converted into phthisis from the lungs undergoing ulceration. When this takes place, the cheeks are livid; there are copious sweats about the forehead and neck; the flesh is melted, the nails bent, and they appear glossy, white, or pale. When the disease gains ground, the bowels become loose, the hypochondria are retracted; for the most part thirst and a loathing of food oppress them; and the expectoration is very fetid.
The cure. Our first object, therefore, ought to be to assist the concoction of the abscess, which may be attempted by fomenting with sponges, and applying cataplasms made of barley-flour, with dried figs boiled, some rosin, pigeon’s dung, nitre, and mallows. The rupture of the abscess is promoted by lying upon the side which is not affected. Let them drink at intervals honied water, and the juice of ptisan with honey. Those who are stronger may likewise drink the decoction of hyssop and thyme with honey. Eating pickles also forwards the breaking of the abscess, and likewise the pills from the colocynth hiera, taken at bedtime. When the pus begins to be discharged, give again the decoction of hyssop, iris, and liquorice boiled in honied water, or liquorice triturated with sesame; and apply a cataplasm of fine flour, boiled in honied water and oil. When the ulceration is difficult to cleanse, we must use the compound remedies, such as that from horehound, either the simple or the compound one; that from tares; and those called dodecatheon, and the medicine named from Philoxenus. When it is converted into phthisis, we may give the headed leek, dissolved in draughts of chondrus or ptisan, and let them be twice boiled, and given by themselves. Let the water which is drunk be rain, and honied water made from it. At the beginning of the remissions apply cataplasms of linseed and fine flour, with the decoction of fenugreek, or mallows, oil, honey, and the leaves of marshmallows. In process of time we may have recourse to cerates, such as those from butter, oil of privet, oil of bays, and iris. The plaster of Mnasæus is also to be used. When there is a defluxion upon the chest, that made of willows may be applied to it. They may also take the simple propoma, mentioned already for empyema, and some of the compound ones. When a violent cough prevails, mix thyme and hyssop along with the juice of liquorice, in well boiled honey; and, having formed them properly, give to be retained under the tongue. The antidote of Mithridates, at intervals, will likewise suit with them, as also that from vipers. But the best remedy is the Armenian bole taken in a draught, and the antidote esdra is not at all inferior to those aforesaid.
Commentary. See Hippocrates (de Morbis, ii, 45; Coacæ Prænot. et alibi); Galen (Meth. Med. v); Aretæus (Morb. Chron. i, 8); Aëtius (viii, 75); Oribasius (Synops. ix); Alexander (vii, 2, 3, 4); Leo (iv, 10); Actuarius (Meth. Med. iv, 4, and i, 17); Nonnus (123); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Tard. ii, 14, and v, 8); Celsus (iii, 22); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 8); Marcellus (17); Avicenna (iii, 10, 5); Mesue (de Ægrit. Pect. ii, 12); Serapion (ii, 27); Alsaharavius (Pract. xiii, 3); Haly Abbas (Pract. vi, 12, Theor. ix, 20); Avenzoar (i, 16, 4); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 69; Contin. x.)
Hippocrates states, as tests of the nature of the sputa, that, if they possess a fetid smell, or sink to the bottom of salt water, they indicate great danger. When a collection of pus is suspected, he directs us to shake the patient, when a peculiar sound will be heard if there be fluid in the chest. And here, by the way, we may mention that Laennec gives Hippocrates great credit for his diagnostic talent in this case. It is in pneumothorax that succussion is applicable as a test of fluid being confined in the chest. In that case, he directs us to make an incision into the chest; in other words, he recommends paracentesis thoracis, an operation revived of late years, but with very equivocal results. Hippocrates, however, restricted the operation to those cases in which there is protrusion of the collected fluid. (Aff. Int. xxv.) It would appear, from one of his Aphorisms, that the pus was let out either by a cutting instrument or the cautery. (vii, 43.) In his Prognostics, he pronounces a falling out of the hairs and a diarrhœa to be fatal symptoms in phthisis. He gives a very striking description of confirmed empyema. (Prognost. 17.) His account of the formation of hydrothorax (Affect. Int. xxv.) has also been highly commended by the great master of auscultation. According to Hippocrates, phthisis is most common between the ages of eighteen and thirty-six. (Aphor. v, 9.)
Aretæus gives a good description of the phenomena attending empyema thoracis. He says that when the abscess points outwardly, it separates the ribs from one another to make room for itself. It is occasioned, he says, by inflammation with a collection of blood. But the most graphic delineation of the phenomena of disease to be found in the whole records of medicine is that which he draws of a patient in the last stage of consumption. We will not mar it by attempting a copy which would fall so short of the original. He does not approve of the common tests, as recommended by Hippocrates; and, instead of forming an opinion of the case by throwing the sputa upon fire or water, he prudently directs us to judge of the case from the general symptoms. Unfortunately only a fragment of the chapter on the treatment has come down to us. It appears from it that he approved of a milk-diet and a sea-voyage. In cases of empyema he states that the matter sometimes forms a communication with the windpipe, and is evacuated in that way, and sometimes it is carried off by the urinary passages.