This account is so full and judicious that we think it unnecessary to give extracts from any more of the Greek and Latin authorities.
From the Arabians little or no additional information is to be derived. Haly Abbas recommends bleeding by opening the basilic vein, and then cataplasms of barley-flour, &c. He then gives a cooling draught containing the seeds of cucumbers, gourds, melons with purslain, mallows, and the syrup of violets. This part of his practice deserves consideration. When the abscess forms he directs us to apply cataplasms containing chamomile, fenugreek, melilot, &c. Alsaharavius, in like manner, recommends bleeding, cooling and demulcent draughts, the tepid bath, and discutient cataplasms. The same plan of treatment is fully laid down by Rhases. When pus is discharged from the bladder, owing to ulceration of it, he directs us to give astringent injections prepared from galls, sumach, purslain, pomegranate leaves, &c.
On hemorrhage of the kidneys. Our author’s treatment is so fully stated that it will be unnecessary to multiply extracts from the others. It is mostly condensed from Aëtius. (xi, 27.) The latter makes mention of injecting into the bladder some astringent infusion by means of an instrument like a catheter, having a bladder attached to one extremity. When the coagulated blood (and the urine generally does coagulate it) cannot be got otherwise discharged, he recommends, like our author, an incision to be made in the perinæum.
Cælius Aurelianus also recommends injecting into the bladder some astringent infusion, such as that of hypocistis, knot-grass, &c. In the case of women astringent pessaries may be used.
Avicenna recommends us to inject the rennet of a hare. Haly Abbas directs us to bleed by opening the basilic vein, and then to give draughts containing various vegetable astringents, such as wild pomegranate flowers, cucumbers, and purslain, with alum, Cyprian earth, &c. According to Rhases, the discharge of blood by urine is often connected with disease of the liver.
The veterinary surgeon Vegetius ascribes the bloody water of cattle to general plethora. This is a very plausible hypothesis.
On hardness of the kidneys. Nearly the same account is given by Aëtius, and also by Avicenna, Rhases, Serapion, and all the medical authorities who have treated of this subject. Haly Abbas and Alsaharavius particularly commend the diachylon plaster. Ruffus, as quoted by Rhases, recommends rest, emollient clysters, the application of cupping-instruments to the back, tepid baths, refrigerant and sedative medicines internally.
On diabetes. Aretæus remarks that diabetes is a wonderful affection, being a melting down of the flesh into urine, occasioned by a cold and humid cause like dropsy. The disease, he says, is of slow formation, but when completely formed speedily proves fatal. His description of the symptoms is very striking: a fiery thirst, a never-ending desire to make water, a parched skin, a dry mouth, and so forth. Diabetes, he justly remarks, is a species of dropsy, the water in the one case being determined to the peritoneum, and in the other to the urinary organs. We have, in fact, known these diseases reciprocate. He recommends by all means attention to the thirst, endeavouring to allay it by means of the medicines called Adipsa; rectifying the stomach by purging with hiera; and applying epithemes of spikenard, mastich, and the like. For drink he directs us to give water in which the autumnal fruits have been boiled; and for food recommends starch, milk, and cold astringent wines. He concludes by saying that the general remedies and regimen proper in dropsical cases will answer in diabetes, and particularly mentions the theriac and mithridate. Among the causes of diabetes he mentions poisoning by the sting of the African viper, called the dipsas. This subject will be found treated of in the [Fifth Book].
Celsus recommends exercise, friction, purging, astringent food, and austere wine. Galen states that he only recollected having met with two cases of diabetes. He maintains that it is such an affection of the urinary organs as lientery is of the bowels. He is decidedly of opinion that the kidneys are primarily affected, and not the stomach, as some had supposed. He explains his views of the nature of the disease with great precision. (De Locis Affectis, vi, 3.)