Our author has given one method of preparing the hydromel, or honied water. Different modes are described by other authors. Thus, Mesue recommends seven parts of water to one of honey. It appears from Hippocrates, however, that it was taken more or less diluted. Pliny and Dioscorides make mention of hydromel prepared by mixing two parts of water with one of honey. This seems to have been the strongest hydromel. A species of hydromel carefully prepared, and kept for a considerable time, was esteemed a delicious beverage. Ludovicus Nonnius compares it to the mead used by certain nations of the north. They prepare it with hops and yeast, so that it is made to emulate the nature of wine. The Greeks and Romans did not make use either of hops or yeast.
In imitation of Galen, who, under the head of honey (de Simpl.), treats also of sugar, we shall give a brief account of the latter in this place. The saccharum, then, which is mentioned by Theophrastus (Frag. l. c.), Dioscorides (ii, 104), Galen (l. c.), Strabo (Geogr. xv), Pliny (H. N. xii, 17), and other ancient authors, was a natural concretion forming on various reeds, but more especially upon the bamboo cane (bambusa arundinacea.) The bamboo is noticed by Herodotus (Hist. iii, 98), and by Ctesias (Photii Lex.) Moses Chorenensis, a writer of the fifth century (Geogr. Armen.), is the first who makes mention of sugar procured from the cane by boiling.
SECT. XCVII.—ON SLEEP.
It remains, after having treated of everything connected with diet, to say something of sleep, which is generally taken after every other thing. Sleep, then, may be briefly defined to be a relaxation of the vital powers, occasioned by a suitable moisture irrigating the brain. When properly taken it may produce many good effects. It digests the food, concocts the humours, soothes pain, alleviates lassitude, and relaxes that which is contracted. It is also calculated to produce oblivion of mental sufferings, and to rectify the distracted powers of reason. The most suitable season for sleep is after a meal. But that during the day does not agree with all, because the time spent in sleep is not sufficient for the complete digestion of the food; and, when the digestion is interrupted unseasonably, those who rise from sleep at noon are often troubled with acidity and flatulence, and sometimes even with a gurgling noise in their bowels, unless from habit or sufficient rest these bad effects be obviated. The best season for sleep is the night, for the humidity and drowsy stillness of night contribute to perfect digestion. Wherefore after these nocturnal slumbers we feel the most desire for evacuation. The proper limit to sleep should be the complete digestion of the food, as may be ascertained by the eructations, and by tapping over the stomach; after which it may be not unuseful to awake in order to evacuate the excrementitious remains of the digestion.
Commentary. The philosophy of sleep is ingeniously treated of by Hippocrates (de Insomniis), and by Aristotle (in his treatise de Somno et Vigilia.) Aristotle states that digestion goes on best during sleep. Pliny’s definition of sleep seems to be taken from Hippocrates: “Est autem somnus nihil aliud quam animi in medium sese recessus.” (H. N. x, 97.) Alexander Aphrodisiensis, in like manner, says, “Know that, during the day, the natural principle is less occupied with its own peculiar operations, I mean the digestion of the food, the changes of the chyle, sanguification, distribution, assimilation, and the like, the mind being engaged in its other energies, namely, the five senses, fantasy, reasoning, and memory; but during night, on the other hand, nature operates more, and the mind less.” (Problem i, 118.) See also particularly Oribasius (Med. Coll. vi, 4); Actuarius (de Diæta, 11); Avicenna (i, 3, 3); Rhases (ad Mansor. iv, 3); Haly Abbas (Theor. v, 35); Alsaharavius (Theor. xi, 3); Averrhoes (Collect. i, 21.) Averrhoes defines sleep to be the recession of the sensorial powers from their organs to the internal parts; and hence, he remarks, those who sleep with their eyes open do not perceive the objects nearest to them. The vital heat being then collected internally, he adds, the powers of the digestive faculty are increased. Rhases agrees with Galen that moderate sleep forms good blood; but that too much corrupts the juices, that is to say, impairs digestion. Haly Abbas remarks that, during sleep, the animal powers are suspended, while the vital and natural continue unaffected; and, therefore, the mind or principle of life being then disengaged, as it were, from one of its offices, is the abler to perform the others aright. Hence, he adds, digestion is best performed during sleep. Alsaharavius approves of taking rest after a meal, but recommends an hour to elapse before going to sleep.
The reader will find in Stentzel’s little treatise, entitled ‘Διατριβὴ περι τοῦ ὕπνου,’ an interesting exposition of the opinions of the ancient philosophers and physicians on this subject. There is an ingenious disquisition on the nature of sleep in the commentary of Stephanus on the Prognostics of Hippocrates. In reference to Aristotle’s division of causes, he decides that the efficient cause of sleep is the rest of the particular senses, and of the general sensorium: the material, a humidity which is carried to the roots of the nerves, and prevents the exit of the vital spirit; the formal or organic, the brain, in which the humidity is collected; and the final, or end which sleep serves, the recreation of the powers. (Dietz, T. i, 142.)
SECT. XCVIII.—ON WATCHFULNESS.
The cure of watchfulness in disease, whether proceeding from pain, fever, or some acute symptom, will be treated of under the head of Fevers. But we shall now treat of the watchfulness of those in health. If their watchfulness proceed from sorrow, care, or any mental emotions, we must endeavour if possible to remove the offending cause, and then to divert the attention by agreeable sounds. For this purpose, some seek after the gentle noise of waters, by which they are soothed and lulled to rest. After proper digestion, they should use baths, especially in the evening, and a moistening diet, such as lettuces and the like. They may also mix the green leaves of the black poppy with condiments, and eat fish of easy digestion. They should also use plenty of wine which is light and not old. When about to go to bed, their heads should be anointed with rose oil, or with oil in which the heads of poppies or mandrake have been boiled. And the oil of dill not too old is soporific. I have known rest succeeding suddenly to fatigue produce this effect. Moderate coition will sometimes do the same. Others easily procure rest by having their head and feet cooled. But if their watchfulness be occasioned by their stomachs being oppressed by the quantity or bad quality of the food (and I have known this happen, in like manner as in others it arises from an unseasonable abstinence or diminution of their accustomed food), this ought to be inquired into and the cause removed.
Commentary. We have mentioned, in [the 74th Section], that Galen cured himself of watchfulness by eating freely of lettuces. See further Oribasius (Med. Collect, vi); Averrhoes (Collectan. ii, 5); Alsaharavius (Theor. xi, 3); Rhases (Contin. xxxi, Aphorism, iii.) Indigestion, as regards both food and drink, is stated by Hippocrates as one of the common effects of protracted insomnolency. (De Diæt. in Morb. Acut. 13.) According to Damascius, the commentator on Hippocrates, the causes of insomnolency are, heat of the brain, an intemperament alone, or the prevalence of a bilious humour. (Ed. Dietz. T. ii, 298.)