A few years ago, when talking to a leading editor of Canada, I chanced to say that I did not think Canadians had at that time awakened to their future. The editor answered that he was afraid I had contracted the American disease of "bounce" through living in the United States; to which I retorted that if Canadians could catch the same disease and accomplish as much by it in the twentieth century as Americans had in the nineteenth, it would be a good thing for the country. It is wonderful to have witnessed the complete face-about of Canadian public opinion in the short space of six years, this editor shouting as loud as any of his exuberant brethren. Still, as the outlook in Canadian affairs may be regarded as flamboyant, it is worth while quoting the comment of the most critical and conservative newspaper in the world,—the London Times. The Times says: "Without doubt the expansion of Canada is the greatest political event in the British Empire to-day. The empire is face to face with development which makes it impossible for indefinite maintenance of the present constitutional arrangements."
Regarding the Iceland immigrants, to whom reference is made, I recently met in London a famed traveler, who was in Iceland when the people were setting out for Canada, Mrs. Alec. Tweedie. She explains in her book how these people were absolutely poverty-stricken when they left Iceland. In fact, the sufferings endured the first year in Winnipeg were mild compared to their privations in Iceland before they sailed.
The explanations of Canada's hard times from Confederation to 1898—say from 1871, when all the provinces had really gone into Confederation, to 1897, when the Yukon boom poured gold into the country—can be figured out. Of a population of 3,000,000, four fifths need not be counted as taxpayers, as they include women, children, clerks, farmers' help, domestic help,—classes who pay no taxes but the indirect duty on clothes they wear and food they eat. This practically means that the billion-dollar burden of making the ideal of Confederation into a reality by building railroads and canals was borne by 600,000 people, which means again a large quota per man to the public treasury. People forget that you can't take more out of the public treasury than you put into it, that it is n't like an artesian well, self-supplied, and the truth is, at this period Canadians were paying more into the public treasury than they could afford,—more than the investment was bringing them in.
CONTENTS
| CHAPTER | PAGE | |
| I. | [FROM 1000 TO 1600] | 1 |
| II. | [FROM 1600 TO 1607 ] | 23 |
| III. | [FROM 1607 TO 1635 ] | 41 |
| IV. | [FROM 1635 TO 1666 ] | 61 |
| V. | [FROM 1635 TO 1650] | 71 |
| VI. | [FROM 1650 TO 1672 ] | 94 |
| VII. | [FROM 1672 TO 1688] | 117 |
| VIII. | [FROM 1679 TO 1713] | 143 |
| IX. | [FROM 1686 TO 1698 ] | 161 |
| X. | [FROM 1698 TO 1713] | 189 |
| XI. | [FROM 1713 TO 1755] | 205 |
| XII. | [FROM 1756 TO 1763] | 241 |
| XIII. | [FROM 1763 TO 1812] | 276 |
| XIV. | [FROM 1812 TO 1820 ] | 318 |
| XV. | [FROM 1812 TO 1846] | 380 |
| XVI. | [FROM 1820 TO 1867] | 410 |
| [INDEX] | 439 |
ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS
| Page | |
| [MAP OF WESTERN CANADA] | Frontispiece |
|
[
VIKING SHIP RECENTLY DISCOVERED
] After a photograph of the Viking Ship at Sandefjord, Norway. | 2 |
| [ MAP SHOWING DIVISION OF THE NEW WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL ] | 3 |
|
[
A TYPICAL "HOLE IN THE WALL" AT "KITTY VIDDY," NEAR
ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND
] From a photograph. | 4 |
|
[
SEBASTIAN CABOT
] After the portrait attributed to Holbein. | 5 |
|
[
JACQUES CARTIER
] After the portrait at St. Malo, France, with signature. | 8 |
|
[
WHERE THE FISHER HAMLETS NOW NESTLE, NEWFOUNDLAND
] From a photograph. | 9 |
|
[
ANCIENT HOCHELAGA
] After a cut in the third volume of Ramusio's Raccolta, Venice, 1565. | 15 |
| [ THE "DAUPHIN MAP" OF CANADA, CIRCA 1543, SHOWING CARTIER'S DISCOVERIES ] | 21 |
|
[
QUEEN ELIZABETH
] After the ermine portrait in Hatfield House, with signature. | 25 |
|
[
THE BOYHOOD OF GILBERT AND RALEIGH
] From the painting by Sir John Millais. | 26 |
|
[
SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT
] After the print in Holland's Herwologia-Anglica, 1620. | 27 |
|
[
SIR WALTER RALEIGH
] After the portrait in the possession of the Duchess of Dorset. | 29 |
|
[
AT EASTERN ENTRANCE TO HUDSON STRAITS
] From a photograph by Dominion Geological Survey. | 31 |
|
[
HUDSON COAT OF ARMS
] From Lenox Collection, New York City. | 32 |
|
[
THE FANTASTIC ROCKS OF GASPÉ
] From a photograph. | 33 |
|
[
SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
] After the Moncornet portrait, with signature. | 34 |
|
[
PORT ROYAL OR ANNAPOLIS BASIN, 1609
] From Lescarbot's map. | 36 |
|
[
BUILDINGS ON STE. CROIX ISLAND
] From Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain, Paris, 1613. | 38 |
|
[
PORT ROYAL
] From the same. | 43 |
|
[
TADOUSSAC
] From the same. | 45 |
|
[
DEFEAT OF THE IROQUOIS
] From the same. | 47 |
|
[
THE ONONDAGA FORT
] From the same. | 55 |
|
[
VIEW OF QUEBEC
] From the same. | 56 |
|
[
QUEBEC
] From the same. | 59 |
|
[
SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER
] After an engraved portrait by Marshall. | 62 |
| [ MAP SHOWING LA TOUR'S POSSESSIONS IN ACADIA ] | 64 |
|
[
CARDINAL RICHELIEU
] After the portrait by Philippe de Champaigne | 66 |
| [ MAP OF ANNAPOLIS BASIN ] | 69 |
|
[
MADAME DE LA PELTRIE
] After a picture in the Ursuline Convent, Quebec. | 73 |
|
[
PIERRE LE JEUNE
] From an engraving in Winsor's America, after an old print. | 80 |
|
[
GEORGIAN BAY
] From a photograph by A. G. Alexander. | 84 |
|
[
BRÉBEUF
] From a bust in silver at Quebec. | 89 |
|
[
REMNANTS OF WALLS OF FORT ST. MARY ON CHRISTIAN ISLAND
IN 1891
] After a photograph reproduced in Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records. | 91 |
|
[
MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, SHOWING THE TERRITORY OF THE
JESUIT HURON MISSIONS
] Bellin's map, 1744. | 92 |
|
[
A CANADIAN ON SNOWSHOES
] From La Potherie's Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale, Paris, 1753. | 96 |
|
[
SAUSON'S MAP, 1656
] | 99 |
|
[
TITLE-PAGE—JESUIT RELATION OF 1662-1663
] | 111 |
|
[
THE JESUIT MAP OF LAKE SUPERIOR
] From the Relation, of 1670-1671. | 112 |
|
[
CHARLES II
] After the miniature portrait by Cooper, with signature. | 114 |
|
[
PLAN OF MONTREAL IN 1672
] From Quebec Historical Society Papers and Records. | 119 |
|
[
LA SALLE'S HOUSE NEAR MONTREAL
] From a photograph. | 120 |
|
[
KITCHEN, CHÂTEAU DE RAMEZAY, MONTREAL
] From a photograph. | 120 |
|
[
LAVAL
] After the portrait in Laval University, Quebec. | 122 |
|
[
A MAP IN THE RELATION OF 1662-1663
] | 126 |
|
[
GALINÉE'S MAP OF THE GREAT LAKES, 1669
] | 129 |
|
[
ROBERT DE LA SALLE
] After an engraved portrait said to be preserved in the Bibliothèque de Rouen, with signature. | 135 |
|
[
OLD PLAN OF FORT FRONTENAC
] From Mémoirs sur le Canada, Quebec, 1873. | 136 |
|
[
THE BUILDING OF THE GRIFFON
] From Father Hennepin's Nouvelle Découverte, Amsterdam, 1704. | 138 |
|
[
PRINCE RUPERT
] After the painting by Sir P. Lely. | 145 |
|
[
MAP OF HUDSON BAY
] | 147 |
|
[
CONTEMPORARY FRENCH MAP OF HUDSON BAY AND VICINITY
] From La Potherie's Histoire de l'Amerique Septentrionale. | 155 |
|
[
LE MOYNE D'IBERVILLE
] After a portrait in Margry's Découvertes Établissemens. | 157 |
|
[
FORT FRONTENAC AND THE ADJACENT COUNTRY
] From The London Magazine, 1758. | 164 |
|
[
WILLIAM OF ORANGE
] After the portrait by Sir Godfrey Kneller, with signature. | 166 |
|
[
QUEBEC, 1689
] From La Potherie's Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale. | 172 |
|
[
FRENCH SOLDIER OF THE PERIOD
] After a cut in Massachusetts Archives, Documents collected in France, 111, 3. | 174 |
|
[
SIR WILLIAM PHIPS
] After an accepted likeness reproduced in Winsor's America. | 176 |
|
[
COUNT FRONTENAC
] From the statue by Hébert at Quebec. | 178 |
|
[
CASTLE ST. LOUIS
] After a cut in Hawkins' Pictures of Quebec, Quebec, 1834. | 180 |
|
[
ATTACK ON QUEBEC, 1690
] From La Hontan's Mémoires, 1709. | 181 |
|
[
CASTLE ST. LOUIS, QUEBEC
] From Sulte's Canadiens Français, viii. | 183 |
|
[
PLAN OF QUEBEC
] From Franquelin, 1683. | 184 |
|
[
LANDING OF IBERVILLE'S MEN AT PORT NELSON
] From La Potherie's Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale. | 186 |
|
[
CAPTURE OF FORT NELSON BY THE FRENCH
] From the same. | 187 |
|
[
CONTEMPORARY MAP, 1689
] From La Hontan. | 191 |
|
[
HERTEL DE ROUVILLE
] After a portrait in Daniel's Nos Gloires Nationales. | 193 |
|
[
CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF PORT ROYAL BASIN
] From Bellin's map, 1744. | 199 |
|
[
PAUL MASCARENE
] After a portrait in Savary's edition of Calnek's Annapolis. | 201 |
|
[
LA VÉRENDRYE'S FORTS AND THE RIVER OF THE WEST
] After Jeffery's map, 1762. | 207 |
|
[
MAP PUBLISHED IN PARIS IN 1752 SHOWING THE SUPPOSED
SEA OF THE WEST
] From the Mémoire presented to the Academy of Sciences at Paris by Buache, August, 1752. | 209 |
|
[
MAP SHOWING THE SUPPOSED SEA OF THE WEST, WITH APPROACHES
TO THE MISSISSIPPI AND GREAT LAKES, PARIS, 1755
] From the same. | 211 |
|
[
WILLIAM PEPPERRELL
] After the portrait by Smibert. | 217 |
|
[
RUINS OF THE FORTIFICATIONS AT LOUISBURG
] From a recent photograph. | 219 |
|
[
CONTEMPORARY PLAN OF THE ATTACK ON LOUISBURG
] After a plan reproduced in Winsor's America. | 221 |
| [ FORT HALIFAX, 1755 (Restoration) ] | 222 |
|
[
CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF OSWEGO
] From Smith's History of the Province of New York. | 223 |
|
[
GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE OF VIRGINIA
] After a portrait by Ramsay. | 225 |
| [ TITLE-PAGE OF WASHINGTON'S JOURNAL ] | 227 |
|
[
A SKETCH OF THE FIELD OF BATTLE AT BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT
] From a contemporary manuscript in the Library of Harvard University. | 229 |
|
[
PLAN OF FORT BEAUSEJOUR
] From Mante's History of the Late War in North America. | 230 |
|
[
GENERAL MONCKTON
] After a mezzotint in the Library of the American Antiquarian Society. | 232 |
|
[
GENERAL JOHN WINSLOW
] After the portrait in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts. | 234 |
| [ MAP OF ACADIA AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS, 1755 ] | 237 |
|
[
SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON
] After the portrait by Adams. | 238 |
|
[
MAP OF THE REGION OF LAKE GEORGE
] From Documentary History of New York. | 239 |
|
[
RUINS OF CHÂTEAU BIGOT
] From a photograph by Captain Wurtelle. | 245 |
|
[
PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA
] From a photograph. | 246 |
|
[
QUEBEC, CHÂTEAU FRONTENAC AND THE CITADEL
] From a photograph. | 246 |
|
[
THE EARL OF LOUDON
] After the portrait by Ramsay. | 249 |
|
[
BOSCAWEN
] After the portrait by Reynolds. | 253 |
|
[
THE SIEGE OF LOUISBURG, 1758
] From a picture in the Lenox Collection, New York Public Library. | 255 |
|
[
AMHERST
] After the portrait by Reynolds. | 257 |
|
[
THE COUNTRY ROUND TICONDEROGA
] From Documentary History of New York. | 259 |
|
[
GENERAL JAMES WOLFE
] After the engraved portrait by Houstin. | 261 |
|
[
BOUGAINVILLE
] After a cut in Bounechose's Montcalm. | 263 |
|
[
THE SITE OF QUEBEC AND THE GROUND OCCUPIED
DURING THE SIEGE OF 1759
] After a plan in The Universal Magazine, London, December, 1859. | 265 |
|
[
LOUIS JOSEPH, MARQUIS DE MONTCALM
] After the portrait in the possession of his descendants. | 268 |
|
[
DEATH OF WOLFE
] From the painting by West. | 272 |
|
[
MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS
] After a mezzotint by an unknown engraver. Published in London, October 1, 1776 | 277 |
| [ NORTH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE FRENCH WARS, 1763 ] | 278 |
|
[
GENERAL MURRAY, FIRST GOVERNOR OF QUEBEC
] After the portrait by Ramsay. | 280 |
|
[
SETTLEMENTS ON THE DETROIT RIVER
] From Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac. | 283 |
|
[
BOUQUET
] After the portrait by West. | 289 |
|
[
RETURN OF THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES
] After the painting by West. | 291 |
|
[
MONTREAL
] After a print in the New York Public Library. | 293 |
|
[
SAMUEL HEARNE
] After an engraving published in 1796. | 297 |
|
[
GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY
] After the painting by Chappel. | 301 |
| [ MAP OF QUEBEC DURING THE SIEGE OF CONGRESS TROOPS ] | 303 |
|
[
SIR GUY CARLETON
] After an engraving in The Political Magazine, June, 1782. | 307 |
|
[
BENEDICT ARNOLD
] After the portrait by Tate. | 309 |
|
[
GENERAL HALDIMAND
] After the portrait by Reynolds. | 311 |
|
[
JOSEPH BRANT
] After the portrait by Ames. | 315 |
|
[
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR SIMCOE
] After an engraving in Scadding's Toronto of Old. | 316 |
|
[
CAPTAIN COOK
] After the portrait by Dauce. | 320 |
|
[
FORT CHURCHILL AS IT WAS IN 1777
] After a print in the European Magazine, June, 1797. | 320 |
|
[
TOTEM POLES, BRITISH COLUMBIA
] From a photograph. | 320 |
|
[
CAPTAIN GEORGE VANCOUVER
] After the portrait by Abbott. | 322 |
|
[
NOOTKA SOUND
] From an engraving in Vancouver's Journal. | 323 |
|
[
FORT CHIPPEWYAN, ATHABASCA LAKE
] From a recent photograph. | 325 |
|
[
ALEXANDER MACKENZIE
] After the portrait by Lawrence. | 327 |
|
[
CAUSE OF A PORTAGE
] From a photograph. | 329 |
|
[
SIMON FRASER
] From a likeness in Morice's The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia. | 331 |
|
[
ASTORIA IN 1813
] From a cut in Franchere's Narrative of a Voyage. | 332 |
|
[
MAP OF WEST COAST, SHOWING THE OGDEN AND ROSS
EXPLORATIONS
] From Laut's Conquest of the Great North West. | 332 |
|
[
GENERAL SIR JAMES HENRY CRAIG, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA,
1807-1811
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 336 |
|
[
WILLIAM HULL
] After the portrait by Stuart, with autograph. | 338 |
| [ MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE DETROIT RIVER ] | 340 |
| [ MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE MILITARY OPERATIONS ON THE NIAGARA FRONTIER ] | 342 |
|
[
GENERAL BROCK
] After a portrait in the possession of J. A. Macdonell Esq., Alexandria, Ontario. | 345 |
|
[
BROCK MONUMENT, QUEENSTON HEIGHTS
] From a photograph. | 347 |
|
[
YORK (TORONTO) HARBOR
] From Bouchette's British Dominions in North America. | 351 |
|
[
FITZGIBBONS
] After a photograph reproduced in Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1900. | 357 |
|
[
LAURA SECORD
] From Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records. | 361 |
|
[
TWO VIEWS OF THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE
] From prints published in 1815 | 364 |
|
[
TECUMSEH
] After the drawing by Pierre Le Drie. | 366 |
|
[
DE SALABERRY
] After a portrait in Fannings Taylor's Portraits of British Americans. | 368 |
|
[
SIR GORDON DRUMMOND
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 371 |
|
[
MONUMENT AT LUNDY'S LANE
] From a photograph. | 375 |
|
[
SELKIRK
] From Ontario Archives Collection. | 381 |
|
[
NELSON AND HAYES RIVERS
] From a map in Robson's Hudson Bay. | 384 |
|
[
FORT GARRY, RED RIVER SETTLEMENT
] From Ross' Red River Settlement. | 387 |
|
[
FORT DOUGLAS
] After an old engraving. | 388 |
|
[
SKETCH OF THE CITY OF WINNIPEG, SHOWING THE SITES
OF THE EARLY FORTS
] From Manitoba Historical Society | 391 |
|
[
RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1816-1820
] After a map in Amos' Report of the Trials Relative to the Destruction of the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement. | 392 |
|
[
MONUMENT TO COMMEMORATE THE MASSACRE OF SEVEN OAKS
] After a sketch. | 397 |
|
[
TRACKING ON ATHABASCA RIVER
] From a photograph. | 401 |
|
[
PLANS OF YORK AND PRINCE OF WALES FORTS
] From a plate in Robson's Hudson Bay. | 405 |
| [ SIR GEORGE SIMPSON, GOVERNOR OF HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY, 1820 ] | 406 |
|
[
JOHN MCLOUGHLIN
] After a likeness in Laut's Conquest of the Great Northwest. | 408 |
|
[
SIR JOHN SHERBROOKE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1816-1818
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 413 |
|
[
THE FOURTH DUKE OF RICHMOND, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA,
1818-1819
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 419 |
|
[
WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE
] After a likeness in Lindsey's Life and Times of Mackenzie. | 421 |
|
[
ALLAN McNAB
] After the portrait in the Speaker's Chambers, Ottawa. | 423 |
|
[
LOUIS J. PAPINEAU
] After a likeness in Fannings Taylor's British Americans. | 428 |
|
[
SIR JOHN COLBORNE, GOVERNOR GENERAL OF CANADA, 1838-1841
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 430 |
|
[
LORD DURHAM, SPECIAL COMMISSIONER TO CANADA, 1838
] After an engraving at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. | 432 |
|
[
JOHN A. MACDONALD
] From a photograph. | 435 |
|
[
FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION, 1867
] From the painting by Hariss. | 436 |