[115]. Rep. 371C.
[116]. Laws 918B-C, especially πῶς γὰρ οὐκ εὐεργέτης πᾶς ὃς ἂν οὐσίαν χρημάτων ὡντινωνοῦν, ἀσύμμετρον οὔσαν καὶ ἀνώμαλον, ὁμαλήν τε καὶ σύμμετρον ἀπεργάζεται.
[117]. Cf. DuBois, Precis de l’histoire des doctrines économiques dans leurs rapports avec les faits et avec les institutions, pp. 45-47, comparing Plato and Aristotle on this point. Laws 743D and Plato’s attitude on agriculture (cf. infra) might seem to point the other way. Cf. infra, p. [41], nn. 7-10. Espinas (Revue des études Grecques, XXVII [1914], 247, n. 1) is extreme in calling him a physiocrat. The term would more nearly apply to Aristotle.
[118]. Ar. (Pol. vi [iv]. 1291a12-19) so interprets him, because he finds the origin of the state in physical needs (Rep. 369C ff.), but this is a carping criticism. Blanqui is hardly fair to Plato on this point (Histoire de l’économie politique en Europe, p. 88). Cf. above, p. [22], n. 4, on Plato’s other theory of origins.
[119]. Pol. 279C.
[120]. Cf. infra and Poehlmann, op. cit., I, 574.
[121]. As we shall see, the third reason has been exaggerated for the philosophers. On the favorable attitude to labor at Athens, cf. V. Brants, Revue de l’instruction publique in Belg., XXVI (1883), 108 f., 100 f.; he distinguishes between the doctrine philosophique and the doctrine politique. So also Guiraud, La main-d’œuvre industrielle dans l’ancienne Grèce (1900), pp. 36-50; Zimmern, op. cit., pp. 382 ff., 256-72. For the older view of general prejudice against free labor in Greece, cf. Drumann, Arbeiter und Communisten in Griechenland u. Rom (1860), pp. 24 ff. Francotte (L’Industrie) takes the more conservative position. Cf. infra for further notice of this problem.
[122]. Hesiod Erga; Theog. 969-975, though even here it is opposed to commerce.
[123]. Laws 743D, but he would even limit this, so that it may not become a sordid occupation.
[124]. Laws 760E-761C, 763D. Ruskin cites this in Fors Clav.; cf. Vol. XXIX, 546.