5. C. alosa.—The “Shad” or “Allice Shad,” with very fine and long gill-rakers, from 60 to 80 on the horizontal part of the outer branchial arch, and with one or more black lateral blotches. Coasts of Europe, ascending rivers.
6. C. finta.—The “Shad” or “Twaite Shad,” with stout osseous gill-rakers, from 21 to 27 on the horizontal part of the outer branchial arch, and spotted like the preceding species. Coasts of Europe, ascending rivers, and found in abundance in the Nile.
7. C. menhaden.—The “Mossbanker,” common on the Atlantic coasts of the United States. The economic value of this fish is surpassed in America only by that of the Gadoids, and derived chiefly from its use as bait for other fishes, and from the oil extracted from it, the annual yield of the latter exceeding that of the whale (from American Fisheries). The refuse of the oil factories supplies a material of much value for artificial manures.
[See G. Brown Goode, “The Natural and Economical History of the American Menhaden,” in U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Part V., Washington, 1879, 8vo.]
8. C. sapidissima.—The American Shad, abundant, and an important food-fish on the Atlantic coasts of North America. Spawns in fresh water.
9. C. mattowocca.—The “Gaspereau” or “Ale-wife,” common on the Atlantic coasts of North America, ascending into freshwater in early spring, and spawning in ponds and lakes.
10. C. pilchardus.—The “Pilchard” or the “Sardine,” equally abundant in the British Channel, on the coast of Portugal, and in the Mediterranean, and readily recognised by radiating ridges on the operculum, descending towards the sub-operculum.
11. C. sagax.—Representing the Pilchard in the Pacific, and found in equally large shoals on the coasts of California, Chile, New Zealand, and Japan.
12. C. toli.—The subject of a very extensive fishery on the coast of Sumatra for the sake of its roes, which are salted and exported to China, the dried fish themselves being sent into the interior of the island. The fish is called “Trubu” by the Malays, about 18 inches long, and it is said that between fourteen and fifteen millions are caught annually.
13. C. scombrina.—The “Oil-Sardine” of the eastern coast of the Indian Peninsula.