[Letter of Transmittal]
[Illustrations]
[Preface]
[Introduction]
[The Igorot Culture Group]
- [Igorot land]
- [Igorot peoples]
[The Bontoc Culture Group]
[General Social Life]
[Economic Life]
[Political Life and Control]
- [Crimes, detection and punishment]
[War and Head-Hunting]
[Æsthetic Life]
[Religion]
[Mental Life]
- [Actual knowledge]
  - [Mensuration]
- [Folk tales]
[Language]
[Plates]

Illustrations

[Group of prominent men, Bontoc pueblo]
[Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago]
[Sketch map of northern Luzon]
[Sketch map of Bontoc culture area]
[Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc]
[Tilud pass, east side]
[A glimpse of Igorot land]
[Ba-lu′-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras]
[Pueblo of Sagada]
[The entrance to Bontoc pueblo]
[Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo]
[O-gang′-ga of Samoki pueblo]
[Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo]
[Bon-gao′ of Alap pueblo]
[Bo-da′-da of Samoki pueblo]
[U-dao′ of Bontoc pueblo]
[Young woman of Bontoc pueblo]
[Zag-tag′-an of Bontoc pueblo]
[Ka-nay′-u of Bontoc pueblo]
[Lang′-sa of Bontoc pueblo]
[Sĭt-li′-nĭn of Bontoc pueblo]
[Pĭt-ta′-pĭt of Bontoc pueblo]
[Girls of Bontoc pueblo]
[Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo]
[Blind Ta-u′-li of Samoki pueblo]
[Deformed feet of Bontoc men]
[Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki]
[Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc]
[Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions]
[Plat of section of a′-to Si-pa′-at]
[Pa-ba-fu′-nan of a′-to Fi′-lĭg]
[Fa′-wi of a′-to Si-pa′-at]
[Fa′-wi of a′-to Cho′-ko]
[O′-lâg]
[Bontoc dwelling, the fay′-ü]
[Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains]
[Fay′-ü showing open door]
[Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu′-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it]
[“In the shade of the low, projecting roof”]
[“The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water”]
[The baby tenders]
[Sam-kad′s' death chair]
[Pine coffins]
[The burial of Som-kad′]
[Bûg-ti′ with his wild-cock snare]
[Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center]
[Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o′-lâng]
[The bird snare Lĭng-ang′. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.)]
[Trap fishing]
[Emptying the fish trap]
[Fisherman examining his ob-o′-fu]
[Rice sementeras at transplanting season]
[Banawi rice sementeras]
[A terrace wall]
[Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season]
[Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works]
[The main dam, showing irrigation troughs beyond]
[River irrigation scheme]
[Irrigating ditch which feeds the troughs secured to the mountain side shown at the left]
[Turning the soil in a water-filed sementera, showing women transplanting rice]
[Mud-spattered soil turners]
[Soil turners tramping the turned soil smooth and soft]
[Bontoc camote beds]
[Men crossing the river with pig manure to fertilize the rice sementeras]
[Woman digging her final camote crop and working dead grass beneath the soil for fertilizer]
[The rice seed beds at transplanting time, with granaries immediately beyond]
[Women transplanting rice]
[The bird scarers, Ki′-lao, floating over a field of ripening rice]
[An outlook to guard against wild hogs]
[Harvesting the rice]
[Two harvesters]
[Camote harvest]
[Rice granaries]
[Bunches of palay curing on the roof of a dwelling]
[Granaries]
[Carrying home the camotes]
[Philippine carabaos]
[Bontoc pigpens]
[Cage in which fowls are shut at night]
[Hats and headband]
[(a) The bag pocket carried in front; (b) The rain hat]
[Cotton blankets woven by Igorot in the western part of the Bontoc area]
[Kambulo bark-fiber blankets]
[Woman spinning thread on her naked thigh]
[Lepanto Igorot woman weaving]
[Wooden “pig pails”]
[Gourd and wooden spoons]
[Samoki potters at the clay pit]
[Transporting clay from the pit to the pueblo]
[(a) Macerating the clays in a wooden mortar; (b) Beginning a pot]
[Shaping the rim of a pot]
[Expanding the bowl of a pot]
[Smoothing and finishing a sun-dried pot]
[Woman's large transportation basket and winnowing tray]
[Household baskets (sûg-fi′, fa-lo′-ko, ki′-ûg, ko′-lûg)]
[The traveling basket; so-called “head basket”]
[Bontoc shields]
[Bontoc shields]
[The Kalinga shields]
[Banawi shield, front and back]
[Bontoc war spears (fal-fĕg′)]
[Spears (fan′-kao and kay-yan′)]
[Bontoc battle-axes, with bajuco ferrules]
[Bontoc battle-axes, with steel ferrules]
[The Balbelasan or northern battle-ax]
[Agawa clay pipe maker]
[Agawa clay pipes. (Those in the lower row are finished.)]
[Finished Agawa clay pipes, with stems]
[Roll of beeswax and three wax pipe models]
[Metal pipe makers]
[Metal pipes. (The lower row shows poorly the “anito” pipe.)]
[Children paring camotes]
[Women threshing rice]
[Gourd for storing salt meats]
[Bamboo tube for carrying basi]
[Mayinit pueblo. (Long salt houses in the foreground.)]
[(a) Woman washing salt; (b) salt-incrusted rocks]
[Mayinit salt producer preparing salt cakes for baking]
[A cane-sugar mill]
[Methods of transportation]
[Man's transportation basket (ki-ma′-ta)]
[Woman's transportation baskets]
[Women burden bearers]
[(a) Tulubin men bringing home salt; (b) Samoki potters with ware]
[Mayinit women on the trail to Bontoc to sell palay]
[A ba′-si vender]
[Mak′-lan, a Bontoc warrior]
[Ko′-mĭs on war trail between Samoki and Tulubin]
[“Anito head” post in a Ko′-mĭs]
[The warrior's attack]
[Battle-axes]
[A head dance]
[Ceremonial rice threshing in Samoki pueblo during the celebration of a captured head]
[A fa′-wi, where skulls are kept]
[Soot-blackened human skulls from ato Sigichan]
[A beheaded human body on its way to burial]
[Burial of a beheaded man in Banawi]
[Man's headdress]
[An ear plug of sugar-cane leaves]
[Bead headdress]
[Woman's bustle-like girdle]
[Igorot woman, showing rolls of hair]
[The “switch” held in place by beads]
[A tattooed Bontoc man]
[Two well-done tattooes. (one man bears the jaw band and the other the cheek crosses.)]
[An elaborate tattoo]
[A simple tattoo]
[Bontoc woman's tattoo. (a) old; (b) new/Jenks]
[An elaborate Banawi tattoo]
[Tattoo of a Banawi woman]
[Gang′-sa, showing human-jaw handle]
[A dance, with contorting head-ax dancer in the center]
[A dance, with head-ax dancer at the right]
[The foundation of Lumawig's house in Bontoc]
[Sacred grove (Pa-pa-tay′ ad so-kok′)]

Preface

After an expedition of two months in September, October, and November, 1902, among the people of northern Luzon it was decided that the Igorot of Bontoc pueblo, in the Province of Lepanto-Bontoc, are as typical of the primitive mountain agriculturist of Luzon as any group visited, and that ethnologic investigations directed from Bontoc pueblo would enable the investigator to show the culture of the primitive mountaineer of Luzon as well as or better than investigations centered elsewhere.

Accompanied by Mrs. Jenks, the writer took up residence in Bontoc pueblo the 1st of January, 1903, and remained five months. The following data were gathered during that Bontoc residence, the previous expedition of two months, and a residence of about six weeks among the Benguet Igorot.