The common tests are those that have long been used by the inexperienced to ascertain the fact of death. They are not necessarily conclusive in themselves, but when all are taken together there can not be much doubt.
(a) The Feather Test.—In this test a feather is held to the nostrils to observe whether it moves. The feather being so light, the slightest respiration of the lung would be apt to move it.
(b) The Mirror Test.—In this test a mirror is held to the mouth and nostrils. If moisture collects on the mirror it is evident that respiratory movements are going on. If there is an absence of moisture we are quite safe in saying that the patient is dead.
(c) The Bandage Test.—In this test a bandage is placed around the arm and then twisted very tightly. If there is the slightest circulation existing in the body the blood will accumulate back of the bandage in the venous system and thus demonstrate the fact. There will also be no swelling or discoloration beyond the ligature.
(d) By placing the ear to the chest over the heart, no sounds will be heard.
(e) If the ear is applied over the lungs, no sounds will be heard.
(f) If a cup of water is placed on the chest there will be no movement of rays or ripples on the surface.
(g) If the skin is cut, no blood will flow, nor will the wound close.
(h) If heat, say for instance a burning match be applied to the skin it will not blister, or if ammonia is hypodermically injected under the skin there will be no redness, but rather the skin will turn to a yellowish color.
(i) The living hand when held to the light shows pink through the inner edges of the fingers, but with the dead hand it shows opaqueness.