11. Pineal Gland. The most common pathologic findings are: psammoma, adenoma, teratoma, sarcoma, formation of cysts (hydrops cysticus glandulæ pinealis), hypertrophy, abscess (purulent meningitis), metastatic tumors. In all cases of giantism especial attention should be paid to the pineal gland as well as to the hypophysis.
12. Cerebral Ganglia. Color, consistence, moisture, blood-content, hemorrhage, degeneration, sclerosis.
13. Peduncles. As above.
14. Cerebellum. Cerebellar cortex is 2 mm. thick, grayish-red in color. Note irregularities in thickness, color, consistence, blood-content, moisture. Compare hemispheres. White substance should be shining and moist. Abscesses, tubercles (solitary or conglomerate), gummata and neoplasms are the most common pathologic conditions.
15. Pons. Consistence firm normally. Note blood-content, relation of white and gray stripes, hemorrhage, degenerations, cysts, neoplasms, etc.
16. Medulla. Color grayish-white, consistence firm. Note blood-content, hemorrhages, degenerations and cysts (syringomyelia).
17. Hypophysis. Cysts are common, also calcareous concretions. Adenomatous hyperplasia is the most common tumor (acromegaly, obesity). Carcinoma, sarcoma, lipoma and teratoma are rare. Gumma and tubercle occasionally occur; even when the gland is wholly destroyed, acromegaly does not result. Epithelial tumors of the infundibulum may occur in association with hypoplasia of the genitals. In diseases of the thyroid the condition of the hypophysis should be especially considered.
18. Basal Sinuses. Note contents (marantic and infective thrombi), especially in middle-ear disease and meningitis. Distinguish postmortem clots from thrombi, the former being dark-red, soft and moist, and are not adherent to the walls. The walls of the sinus should be gray, delicate, and shining.
19. Basal Dura. Note same conditions as in dura covering convexity.
20. Cranial Nerves. Examine and trace to exits. Note atrophy, degenerations, compression, indurations, thickenings, neoplasms (neuroma), etc.