The Rise of the Mediaeval Church / And Its Influence on the Civilization of Western Europe from the First to the Thirteenth Century - Alexander Clarence Flick

From this discussion these conclusions may be drawn:

1. The New Testament does not furnish a satisfactory model for any one distinct organisation of the Christian Church.

2. In the New Testament, however, are found the germs from which sprang deacons, priests, bishops, metropolitans, patriarchs, and popes.

3. The elements from which the Church was organised already existed in large measure in human society. Hence the Church, in its outward form, had a natural historical growth and was influenced by (a) the Jewish synagogue, (b) Greek municipalities, (c) the Roman government, (d) local needs, and (e) the conditions of the times. The animating principle and causal inspiration was Christianity.

4. Christian society, like human society, was subject to constant change which is easily detected. The form of organisation, originally democratic, was gradually changed by the force of circumstances until it became monarchial and at the same time the officers underwent a similar transformation.

Sources

A.—PRIMARY:
- I.—JEWISH:
  - 1.—Josephus, Jewish War, Against Apion, Autobiography, Whiston ed.
  - 2.—Philo Judæus. Works. 4 vols. Bohn Lib., 1854-55.
  - 3—Talmud. Transl. by Rodkinson; rev. by Wise, N. Y., 1896.
- II.—HEATHEN:
  - 1.—Lucan, Pliny, Tacitus, Suetonius. See [Chap. III.] of this work.
  - 2.—Celsus (c. 178 A.D.), Against the Christians. Transl. by Lardner, Lond., 1830.
  - 3.—Porphyry (d. 306), Against the Christians. Ib.
  - 4.—Julian (d. 363), Against the Christians. Ib. Also Transl. by Nevins, Lond., 1873. Works. Bohn Lib., 1888. Transl. by Duncombe, Lond., 1784. Public Letters. Transl. by Chinnock, Lond., 1901.
- III.—CHRISTIAN:
  - 1.—New Testament (27 canonical books).
  - 2.—New Testament Apocrypha. Schaff, i., 188. Transl. in Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib., vol. xvi.
    - 1.—Acts. Transl. by Phillips, Lond., 1876.
    - 2.—Epistles—6 by Paul and 8 by Seneca.
    - 3.—Apocalypses—of the Apostles.
  - 3.—Apostolic Fathers:
    - 1.—Clement of Rome (97?), Epist. to the Ch. of Corinth. Best ed. by Lightfoot, Apost. Fathers, N. Y. 1891.
    - 2.—Ignatius (d. 70-115), Epistles (7). Ib. See Killen.
    - 3.—Barnabas(?), Epistle. Lightfoot; Cunningham.
    - 4.—Polycarp (d. 156), Epistle. Lightfoot; Jackson.
    - 5.—Papias (d. 153?), Fragments. Lightfoot; Hall.
    - 6.—Shepherd of Hermas(?). Lightfoot; Hoole.
    - 7.—Didache(?). Hoole; Hitchcock.
  - 4.—Post-Apostolic Fathers:
    - 1.—Justin Martyr (d. 164?), Works. Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib., ii.; Am. ed., i.
    - 2.—Irenæus (d. 202?), Works. Ib., v., ix.; Am. ed., i.; Fathers of the Holy Cath. Ch., ch. 42.
    - 3.—Hippolytus(?), Works. Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib., ii., 130; vi., 15-403.
    - 4.—Victor (d. 200?), Works. Ib., xviii., 388-434.
    - 5.—Tertullian (d. 230?), Works. Ib., i., 408; ii., 25; iii., 118; xi., 53-140; xviii.; Am. ed., iii.-iv.
    - 6.—Origen (d. 254?), Works. Ib., ii., 1-3; x.; Am. ed., iv.
    - 7.—Cyprian (d. 258?), Works. Ib., viii.; xiii., 1-264; Am. ed., v.
    - 8.—Dionysius of Alexandria (d. 264?), Works. Ib., xx., 157-265.
    - 9.—Tatian (d. 166?), Works. Ib., iii., 1-46; Am. ed., ii.
    - 10.—Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. in Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers. 1. Other translations.
  - 5.—Collections:
    - 1.—Apostolic Constitutions. Ante-Nic. Christ. Lib., xvii. Am. ed., vii.
    - 2.—O'Leary, L. E., Apostol. Const. and Cognate Documents, N. Y., 1906.
    - 3.—Apostolical Canons. Tr. by R. C. Jenkins. Lond., 1856. See Harnack, Sources of the Apostolic Canons. Lond., 1895.
    - 4.—Conybeare, F. C., The Apology and Acts of Apollonius and other Monuments of early Christianity. N. Y., 1894.
    - 5.—Lardner, N. Jewish and Heathen Testimonials. In his Works, vii.-ix.
B.—SECONDARY:
- I.—SPECIAL:
  - 1.—Allies, T. W., The Formation of Christendom, 4 vols. Lond., 1895.
  - 2.—Anderdon, W. H., Fasti Apostolici. Lond., 1884.
  - 3.—Anson, A. J. R., The Church: its Organisation in the Time of the Apostles. Lond., 1886.
  - 4.—Barnes, A., Organisation and Government of the Apostolic Church. Phila., 1854.
  - 5.—Bartlett, J. V., The Apostolic Age. N. Y., 1900.
  - 6.—Baumgarten, M., The Acts of the Apostles. 3 vols. N. Y., 1854.
  - 7.—Capes, J. M., The Church of the Apostles. Lond., 1886.
  - 8.—Catterille, H., The Genesis of the Church. Edinb., 1872.
  - 9.—Colman, L., Ancient Christianity. Phila., 1853.
  - 10.—Cox, H., The First Century of Christianity. Lond., 1892.
  - 11.—Cutts, E. L., Notes of Lessons on the Church in the New Testament. N. Y., 1892.
  - 12.—Davidson, S., The Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament. Lond., 1855.
  - 13.—Dobschütz, E. von, The Early Christian Communities. N. Y., 1903. Christian Life in the Primitive Church. N. Y., 1904.
  - 14.—Döllinger, J. J. I., The First Age of Christianity and the Church. 2 vols. Lond., 1877.
  - 15.—Fairbairn, A. M., Christianity in the First Century. Lond., 1883.
  - 16.—Falconer, J. W., From Apostle to Priest. Edinb., 1900.
  - 17.—Farrar, F. W., The Early Days of Christianity. N. Y., 1882.
  - 18.—Fisher, G. P., Beginnings of Christianity. N. Y., 1888.
  - 19.—Giles, J. A., Apostolical Records of Early Christianity. Lond., 1886.
  - 20.—Harnack, A., The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries. Lond., 1904-1905. 2 vols.
  - 21.—Hatch, E., Growth of Church Institutions. Lond., 1887. Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Church. Lond., 1890. Organisation of the Early Churches. Lond., 1888.
  - 22.—Hausrath, A., The Time of the Apostles. 4 vols. Lond., 1895.
  - 23.—Hinds, S., and Newman, J. H., History of the Christian Church in the First Century. Lond., 1862.
  - 24.—Hort, F. J. A., The Christian Ecclesia. Lond., 1897.
  - 25.—Jacob, G. A., Ecclesiastical Polity of the New Testament. N. Y., 1874.
  - 26.—Janes, L. G., Study of the Primitive Church. Bost., 1886.
  - 27.—Lightfoot, J. B., Apostolic Fathers. N. Y., 1891. Dissertations on the Apostolic Age. N. Y., 1892.
  - 28.—Maurice, J. F. D., Lectures on Ecclesiastical History. Camb., 1854.
  - 29.—McGiffert, A. C., History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age. N. Y., 1891.
  - 30.—Merivale, L. A., Christian Records. Lond., 1857.
  - 31.—Miller, E., The Priesthood in the Light of the New Testament. Lond., 1876.
  - 32.—Neander, A., Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles. N. Y., 1856.
  - 33.—Orr, J., Neglected Factors in the Study of the Progress of Christianity. N. Y., 1899. The Early Church: its History and Literature. N. Y., 1901.
  - 34.—Palmer, R., The Catholic and Apostolic Church. Lond., 1899.
  - 35.—Pressensé, E. De, Early Days of Christianity. 4 vols. N. Y., 1873-8.
  - 36.—Pryce, J., Notes on the History of the Early Church. Lond., 1892.
  - 37.—Ramsay, W. M., The Church in the Roman Empire. N. Y., 1893.
  - 38.—Reichel, C. P., The Origins of the Church. Dub., 1882.
  - 39.—Renan, E., Origins of Christianity. Lond., 1888.
  - 40.—Ropes, J. H., The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism. N. Y., 1906.
  - 41.—Row, C. A., Apostolical Christianity. Lond., 1881.
  - 42.—Schaff, P., History of the Apostolic Church. N. Y., 1874.
  - 43.—Simcox, W. H., The Beginnings of the Christian Church. Lond., 1881.
  - 44.—Slater, W. F., Faith and Life of the Early Church. Lond., 1892.
  - 45.—Stanley, A. P., Apostolic Age. Oxf., 1874.
  - 46.—Tarrant, W. G., Beginnings of Christendom. Lond., 1893.
  - 47.—Taylor, I., Ancient Christianity. Lond., 1844.
  - 48.—Thatcher, O. J., History of the Apostolical Church. N. Y., 1893.
  - 49.—Thiersch, H. W. J., History of the Christian Church in the Apostolic Age. Lond., 1852.
  - 50.—Vaughan, C. S., The Church of the First Days. 3 vols. Lond., 1864.
  - 51.—Vedder, H. C., Dawn of Christianity. Phila., 1894.
  - 52.—Watson, R. A., Apostolic Age. Lond., 1894.
  - 53.—Weizsacker, C., The Apostolic Age. 2 vols. N. Y., 1894. Antiqua Mater. Lond., 1887.
  - 54.—Wernle, P., The Beginnings of Christianity. N. Y., 1902.
- II.—GENERAL:
  - Alzog, i., 117-160. Backhouse, pt. i., ch. 1, 2. Baur, ii., 16-61. Blunt, i., ch. 2-5. Bouzique, i., ch. 1, 2. Bright, W., ch. 1. Burton, ch. 8. Butler, ch. 2, 4, 5. Chantrel, ch. 1, 2. Cheetham, ch.
  - 2, 4, 7, 8. Coxe, ch. 2. Crooks, ch. 3, 10, 18. Cunningham, lect. 1, 2. Dehorbe, ch. 28-32. Döllinger, J. J. I., i., ch. 1, sec. 4, 5; ch. 3, sec. 1-4. Duff, 79, 105, 108, 110, 120, 139, 157, 226, 260, 304, 396. Fisher, pd. i., ch. 2; pd. ii., ch. 1, 2. Fitzgerald, i., 63-75, 118-129. Foulkes, ch. 1, 2. Gieseler, sec. 25-30. Gilmartin, i., ch. 4. Guericke, 106-139. Hase, 24-41. Hore, ch. 1, 2. Hurst, i., 61-149. Jackson, ch. 3, 10. Jennings, i., ch. 1, 2. Killen, sec. 3, ch. 3. Kurtz, i., 22-36, 52-64. Mahan, bk. i., ch. 11; bk. ii., ch. 48. Milman, bk. i., ch. 1. Moeller, i., 62-68. Neander, i., sec. 2, 3. Newman, A. H., pd. i., ch. 1-3. Robertson, bk. i., ch. 8. Schaff, i., 187-217, 432-506. Sikes, ch. 2.

FOOTNOTES:

[52:1] Jewish Encyc.; Sorley, Jewish Christians and Judaism, London, 1881; Bettany, History of Judaism and Christianity, London, 1892; A History of Jews in Rome, B.C. 160-A.D. 604, London, 1882; Toy, C. H., Judaism and Christianity, Boston, 1891.