[34]: Monum. Germ., 4th ed., Leo, lib. viii.
[35]: Deutsche Rundschau, 1882.
[36]: Monum. German Histor., poet. lat. medii ævi, I. Berlin 1881, ed. Dümmler. Alcuin, Carmen 23.
[37]: Zoeckler, Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft. 'On rocky crags by the sea, on shores fringed by oak or beech woods, in the shady depths of forests, on towering mountain tops, or on the banks of great rivers, one sees the ruins or the still inhabited buildings which once served as the dwellings of the monks who, with the cross as their only weapon, were the pioneers of our modern culture. Their flight from the life of traffic and bustle in the larger towns was by no means a flight from the beauties of Nature.' The last statement is only partly true. In the prime of the monastic era the beauties of Nature were held to be a snare of the devil. Still, in choosing a site, beauty of position was constantly referred to as an auxiliary motive. 'Bernhard loved the valley,' 'but Bernhard chose mountains,' are significant phrases.
[38]: Comp. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, on the old Germanic idea of a conflict between winter and spring.
[39]: Dümmler, vi. Carolus et Leo papa.
[40]: Walahfridi Strabi, De cultura hortorum.
[41]: Comp. H. von Eichen, Geschichte und System der mittelalterlichen Weltanschauung. Stuttg. Cotta, 1887.
CHAPTER III
[1]: Prutz, Geschichte der Kreuzzüge. Berlin, 1883.