Professor Ernst Haeckel adopted the following classification from Friedrich Müller:—I. Ulotriches (woolly-haired). A. Lophokomoi (tufted): Papuans, Hottentots; B. Eriokomoi (fleecy): Kafirs, Negroes. II. Lissotriches (lank-haired). A. Euthykomoi (straight): Malay, Mongol, American, Arctic, Australian; B. Euplokomoi (curly): Dravidas, Nubians, Mediterranean.
Broca, Topinard.
Broca and Topinard (1885) have three main classes—Straight, Wavy or Curly, and Woolly—sub-divided first by head-form, then by skin colour.
Many of the earlier classifications were based on insufficient or erroneous evidence, and the general tendency has been to increase the divisions as the physical characters of the populations of the earth became gradually better known. Thus the twelve races of Haeckel in 1873 had advanced to thirty-four in 1879; the sixteen of Topinard in 1878 had grown to nineteen in 1885; and the thirteen races and thirty sub-divisions of Deniker in 1889 were increased in 1900 to seventeen groups, containing twenty-nine races.
Flower.
Sir William Flower (1831-1899), a distinguished zoologist and physical anthropologist, in 1885[[74]] adopted the old three-fold classification:—I. Ethiopian, Negroid, or Melanian. A. African or typical Negroes; B. Hottentots and Bushmen; C. Oceanic Negroes or Melanesians; D. Negritos. II. Mongolian or Xanthous. A. Eskimo; B. Typical Mongolian (including the Mongolo-Altaic and the Southern Mongolian groups); C. Malay; D. Brown Polynesians or Malayo-Polynesians; E. American Indians (excluding the Eskimo). III. Caucasian or “White.” A. Xanthochroi; B. Melanochroi. As Flower himself says, this scheme of classification, “in its broad outlines, scarcely differs from that proposed by Cuvier nearly sixty years ago.... Still it can only be looked upon as an approximation.” Although he places skin-colour first, he tacitly admits its insufficiency as a main diagnostic character, and his three groups coincide with a classification based on the nature of the hair.
[74]. Journ. Anth. Inst., xiv., pp. 378-393.
Deniker.
Among the later classifications a new tendency may be noted. The earlier schemes aimed at producing a series of water-tight compartments into which the races of the globe could be isolated. Further research, however, encouraged the growing conviction that a pure race is practically non-existent, and a different method had to be followed. This is described by Deniker (p. 284): “Taking into account all the new data of anthropological science, I endeavoured, as do the botanists, to form natural groups by combining the different characters (colour of the skin, nature of the hair, stature, form of the head, of the nose, etc.).” This results in the formation of seventeen ethnic groups, containing twenty-nine races, and these are ingeniously arranged (p. 289) in a two-dimensional grouping, to show their affinities, which is a modification of his suggestive earlier scheme.[[75]]
[75]. Bull. Soc. d’Anth., 1889.