[Note 69] p. 291.—Death from Grief.
Instances of death from grief are given in Romanes’s Animal Intelligence. See also a paper by Mr. Garner in Harper’s Monthly, 1894.
[Note 70] p. 298.—Speech of Monkeys.
See Mr. Garner’s Speech of Monkeys (Lond. 1893), which tends to support Brehm’s view. But in reference to Garner’s work, Lloyd Morgan says, “Of the nine sounds made by capuchins, not one is, so far as the observations go, indubitably indicative of a particular object of desire. All of them may be, and would seem to be, in the emotional stage, and expressive of satisfaction, discontent, alarm, apprehension, and so forth. Still they may be indicative of particular objects of appetence or aversion; and experiments with the phonograph, conducted with due care and under test-conditions, may do much to throw light upon an interesting and important problem.” After careful consideration, Prof. Lloyd Morgan says, “At present, however, there is not, so far as I am aware, any evidence that animals possess powers of descriptive intercommunication involving perception of relations”.
[Note 71] p. 298.—Right and Wrong in Monkeys.
What is said here should be compared with the discussion of the subject in Darwin’s Descent of Man, Romanes’s Mental Evolution in Animals, or perhaps most conveniently in Lloyd Morgan’s Introduction to Comparative Psychology (Lond. 1894). According to the last-named authority the moral sense “involves a thinking of the ought; it involves a more or less definite perception of the relation of a given act to an ideal standard”. “In none of these cases (cited), is there sufficient evidence to justify a belief that a standard of conduct takes form in the animal mind.”
[Note 72] p. 303.—Mutual Aid among Monkeys.
Mr. Darwin quotes this case in his Descent of Man, and calls the monkey “a true hero”. Similar examples of mutual aid will be found in the same work, as also in a couple of articles by Prince Kropotkine, “Mutual Aid among Animals”, Nineteenth Century, 1889.
[Note 73] p. 316.—Effect of age.
There are some who hold that observation favours the opposite view, that the young ape is relatively more human and less simian than the adult. With these, rather than with Brehm, we agree. There is, however, need of more precise physiological and psychological observation.