NOMAD HERDSMEN AND HERDS OF THE STEPPES.
See F. Burnaby’s Ride to Khiva (1876); H. Lansdell’s Through Siberia (1882), and Russian Central Asia (1885); A. de Levchine, Description des Hordes et des Steppes des Kirghiz-Kazaks (Paris, 1840); Zaleskie, La vie des Steppes Kirghizes (Paris, 1865).
COLONISTS AND EXILES IN SIBERIA.
[Note 86] p. 514.—Geology of the Altai.
“In the Altai the mountains are built up of granites, syenites, and diorites covered with metamorphic slates belonging to the Laurentian, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous periods. The Jurassic strata on the outskirts are all fresh-water deposits, and contain coal.”
“The Altai Mines (12,000 men) yielded in 1881, 16,670 lbs. of silver, 13,140 cwts. lead, 6708 cwts. copper, 3200 cwts. iron, 240,000 cwts. coal, and 320,000 cwts. salt.”
[Note 87] p. 539.—The Exile System.
The reader should consult Dr. Lansdell’s Through Siberia (London, 1882); H. de Windt’s Siberia As It Is (London, 1892); Seebohm’s Siberia in Asia (1882). While some, e.g. de Windt, give an account of the exile system which agrees with Brehm’s, it should be noted that others think very differently; see Kennan’s Siberia and the Exile System (1891).
AN ORNITHOLOGIST ON THE DANUBE.
[Note 88] p. 563.—The Penduline Titmouse.