LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| Fig. | Page | |
| Portrait of Alfred Edmund Brehm, | [Frontispiece]. | |
| 1. | Scene on the Sogne Fjord, Norway, | [35] |
| 2. | Colony of Eider-ducks, | [44] |
| 3. | The Bird-bergs of Lapland, | [51] |
| 4. | Razor-bills, | [61] |
| 5. | The High Tundra in Northern Siberia, | [65] |
| 6. | Peregrine Falcons and Lemmings, | [70] |
| 7. | The White or Arctic Fox (Canis lagopus), | [73] |
| 8. | The Reindeer (Tarandus rangifer), | [76] |
| 9. | Skuas, Phalathrope, and Golden Plovers, | [80] |
| 10. | View in the Asiatic Steppes, | [89] |
| 11. | A Salt Marsh in the Steppes, | [90] |
| 12. | A Herd of Horses during a Snowstorm on the Asiatic Steppes, | [94] |
| 13. | Lake Scene and Waterfowl in an Asiatic Steppe, | [99] |
| 14. | The Souslik (Spermophilus citillus), | [108] |
| 15. | The Jerboa (Alactaga jaculus), | [108] |
| 16. | Archar Sheep or Argali (Ovis Argali), | [111] |
| 17. | Pallas’s Sand-grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), | [113] |
| 18. | The Kulan (Equus hemionus), | [118] |
| 19. | Reindeer Flocking to Drink, | [133] |
| 20. | Elk and Black-cock in a Siberian Forest, | [137] |
| 21. | The Maral Stag, | [145] |
| 22. | The Elk Hunter—A Successful Shot, | [148] |
| 23. | A Siberian Method of Wolf-shooting, | [153] |
| 24. | Sable and Hazel-grouse in a Siberian Forest, | [159] |
| 25. | The Bed of an Intermittent River, Central Africa, | [175] |
| 26. | Hills of African Termites, or White Ants, | [179] |
| 27. | Secretary-bird and Aspis, | [184] |
| 28. | On an Ostrich Farm in South Africa, | [190] |
| 29. | Hyæna-dogs pursuing Antelope, | [196] |
| 30. | Zebras, Quaggas, and Ostriches flying before a Steppe Fire, | [199] |
| 31. | The Baobab Tree, Central Africa, | [211] |
| 32. | Long-tailed Monkeys, | [222] |
| 33. | Salt’s Antelope (Antilope Saltiana), | [224] |
| 34. | Crocodile and Crocodile-birds (Pluxianus ægyptius), | [228] |
| 35. | A Wild Duck defending her Brood from a Brown Rat, | [236] |
| 36. | A Herd of American Bison or Buffalo, | [243] |
| 37. | Wild Horses crossing a River during a Storm, | [246] |
| 38. | Flying Foxes, | [251] |
| 39. | Springbok Antelopes, | [258] |
| 40. | The Strutting of the Tragopan in Pairing-time, | [269] |
| 41. | Cock Chaffinches Fighting, | [274] |
| 42. | Entellus Monkeys (Semnopithecus Entellus), | [285] |
| 43. | Common Marmoset or Ouistiti (Hapale Jacchus), | [292] |
| 44. | Red Howling Monkeys (Mycetis seniculus), | [295] |
| 45. | Old Baboon Rescuing Young One, | [301] |
| 46. | Macaque or Bonnet-monkey (Macacus sinicus) and Snake, | [307] |
| 47. | The Hoolock (Hylobates leuciscus), one of the Gibbons, | [310] |
| 48. | Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger), | [313] |
| 49. | Caravan in the African Desert, | [323] |
| 50. | An Encampment in the Sahara, | [328] |
| 51. | Gazelles lying near a Mimosa, | [332] |
| 52. | An Oasis in the Desert of Sahara, | [343] |
| 53. | Band of Mounted Bedouins, | [353] |
| 54. | An Egyptian Sakieh or Water-wheel, | [365] |
| 55. | A Nubian Village on the Nile, | [374] |
| 56. | Nubian Children at Play, | [377] |
| 57. | A Passage through the Nile Rapids, | [385] |
| 58. | A Post Station in Siberia, | [395] |
| 59. | Imperial Eagle, Marmot, and Souslik, | [407] |
| 60. | An Ostiak Settlement on the Banks of the Obi, | [409] |
| 61. | Huts and Winter Costume of the Christian Ostiaks, | [419] |
| 62. | “Heathen” Ostiaks, Reindeer, and Tshums, | [424] |
| 63. | Ostiaks with Reindeer and Sledge, | [427] |
| 64. | Interior of an Ostiak Dwelling (Tshum), | [435] |
| 65. | The Burial of an Ostiak, | [449] |
| 66. | The Home of a Wealthy Kirghiz, | [455] |
| 67. | Life among the Kirghiz—the Return from the Chase, | [461] |
| 68. | Kirghiz with Camels, | [467] |
| 69. | Kirghiz and their Herds on the March in the Mountains, | [471] |
| 70. | Kirghiz Aul, or Group of Tents, | [478] |
| 71. | Hunting the Wolf with the Golden Eagle, | [487] |
| 72. | Kirghiz in pursuit of Wild Sheep, | [489] |
| 73. | Frolic at a Kirghiz Wedding, | [505] |
| 74. | Miners in the Altai returning from Work, | [517] |
| 75. | Exiles on the Way to Siberia, | [527] |
| 76. | Interior of a Siberian Peasant’s Dwelling, | [532] |
| 77. | Types of Siberian Convicts—“Condemned to the Mines”, | [535] |
| 78. | Flight of an Exile in Siberia, | [538] |
| 79. | Herons and their Nests, | [544] |
| 80. | Rooks and their Nests, | [546] |
| 81. | Sea-eagles and Nest in a Danube Forest, | [550] |
| 82. | Nest of the Penduline Titmouse (Parus Pendulinus), | [562] |
INTRODUCTORY ESSAY.
BY J. ARTHUR THOMSON.
BREHM’S PLACE AMONG NATURALIST-TRAVELLERS.
Though Brehm’s lectures might well be left, as his son has said, to speak for themselves, it seems useful to introduce them in their English dress with some notes on the evolution of the naturalist-traveller and on Brehm’s place in the honourable list; for an adequate appreciation of a book like this depends in part on a recognition of the position it occupies among analogous works, and on having some picture of the illustrious author himself.
In sketching the history of the naturalist-traveller it is not necessary to go very far back; for though it is interesting to recall how men of old followed their migrating herds, as the Lapp or Ostiak does his reindeer, and were led by them to fresh fields and new conquests, or how others followed the salmon down the rivers and became the toilers of the sea, this ancient lore is full of uncertainty, and is, besides, of more moment to the sociologist than to the naturalist. What we attempt here is merely to indicate the various types of naturalist-traveller who have in the course of time succeeded one another in the quest for the new.