The apiary; or, bees, bee-hives, and bee culture [1865] / Being a familiar account of the habits of bees, and the most improved methods of management, with full directions, adapted for the cottager, farmer, or scientific apiarian

by Alfred Neighbor

This is an engraved metal roller, which when applied to the coated underside of a comb-bar leaves an impression like the diagram shown. The wax having been spread on the flat bar, the roller, heated by being put into hot water, is then heavily pressed over it. The roller has two wood handles, so that considerable pressure may be given to it. The roller is a little less than 2 inches in diameter, ⅞ of an inch wide, and the length from handle to handle is 6 inches. The diagram shows the full size of the impressions as left on the wax after passing the roller along the comb bar in the manner above described. It is a contrivance invented in Switzerland, and exhibited in the International Exhibition of 1862, when the pattern roller was purchased by ourselves.

The bars of a hive prepared with these markings in wax afford ready made foundations for regular combs, which very much facilitate the operations of the bees.

IMPRESSED WAX SHEETS FOR ARTIFICIAL COMB.

These artificial partition walls for combs are sheets of genuine wax, about the substance of thin cardboard. They receive rhomboidal impressions by being pressed between two metal plates, carefully and mathematically prepared and cast so that the impressions are exactly the same size as the base of the cells of a honey-comb. An inspection of a piece of comb will show that the division of the opposite cells is made by a thin partition wall common to both; now the substance of this is said to be only the one hundred and eightieth part of an inch, whilst the artificial ones we are recommending are between the thirtieth and fortieth part of an inch, more than four times the thickness of the handy-work of the bees themselves. It would, indeed, be vain to attempt to furnish sheets of wax at all approaching their own delicate fabric; the impressed sheets are quite as thin as they can be to bear the handling which is requisite for fixing them in the hives. We find, however, that the thickness is no disadvantage; the bees speedily excavate and pare the artificial sheet so as to suit their own notions of the substance required; then, with admirable economy, they use the surplus thus obtained for the construction of the cells. After a sheet has been partly worked at by the bees, it is interesting to hold it up to the light and observe the beautiful transparency of that part of it contrasted with the opaqueness of the part not yet laboured upon.

When it is considered, as writers tell us, that more than fourteen pounds of honey are required for the secretion and elaboration of a single pound of comb, it will not be difficult to form a just estimate of the value of this invention, which thus furnishes cheap and excellent assistance to our industrious favorites. It also shows the bee-keeper that all clean empty combs should be carefully preserved, and considered as valuable stock. Another great advantage that it affords us is, that it renders us independent of guide comb, which is not always obtainable. When a sheet or a strip of this impressed wax is properly fixed to the comb bar, it is certain to be the guide and foundation of a straight comb. This invention has been derived from Germany, where it has been adopted many years with success. At the International Exhibition of 1862, we purchased the metal plates or castings, so as to manufacture the impressed sheets with which we are now able to supply our customers; and, after the careful trials we have made, we have great confidence in recommending them.

In the season of 1863 we furnished a Woodbury glass super with the wax sheets fixed to the bars, in the manner hereafter to be explained, and it was truly astonishing to see the rapidity with which these sheets of wax were worked into comb. Receptacles were quickly made ready for the storing of honey, and the new combs soon became beautifully white; for although the artificial wax has a yellow tinge, yet after being worked at and made thinner, it is as good in colour as ordinary combs. For supers we cut the wax plates in half, making one serve for two bars.

We have received from Germany the following directions for the fastening of the artificial plates to the comb bars. Hereafter will be described a plan which we have adopted, and to which preference is given.

(Translation) "The unstamped edge of the plate receives incisions half an inch distant from one another made with a sharp knife, the plate having been a little warmed. Then it is pinched between two equally strong ledges which have been well moistened; the projecting edge of the plate which received the incisions is alternately bent to the right and to the left. The comb bars are well besmeared with artificial sticking wax (a mixture of two parts of wax and one part of American resin), and is well warmed at a fire. Afterwards the besmeared side is laid upon the bent end of the plate, and pressed to it as firmly as possible. A small wooden ledge, besmeared with sticking wax and fastened by means of pressure to the lower edge of the plate, prevents it from bending, which sometimes happens when the bees work it."

To carry out the directions here given, it is necessary to warm the besmeared comb-bar at a fire; the wax plate has also to be warmed. Having tried this plan, and found inconvenience attending it, especially from the wax curling with the heat and the difficulty of making it stick firm,—to say nothing of the uncomfortableness of performing the operation before a fire on a hot day in July,—we began to consider if a little carpentering might not do the work better and more pleasantly, and adopted the following plan:—We split or cut the comb bars of the Woodbury super in half lengthways, and taking the unstamped edge between the two strips, join them together again by small screws at the side, confining the wax plate tightly in the centre, with no possibility of its falling down. Where frames are used, of course, the bar could not be cut in two (except with the "compound bar and frame," where the bar being loose, it might be as easily managed). The plan we adopt with an ordinary frame is to saw out an opening about an inch, or an inch and a half from either end where the sides are morticed in; this opening we make with a keyhole saw. Through it the wax plate is easily put, and with a heated iron passed over the upper side of the bar, is made sufficiently firm. If the wax plates are too large, a portion may easily be cut off; an opening of full 11 inches long can be made without materially weakening the bar and frame.

The wax plates must not extend to the bottom of the frame; a space of at least one inch should be left for expansion, because the bees in working the plate stretch it down lower. We also use a few pins firmly pressed into the frames, and long enough to reach the edge of the plate, for by fixing three or four pins on either side, both at the sides and at the bottom, the plate may be held in an exactly central position within the frame. As before mentioned, when these directions are carried out, there is no fear of being troubled with crooked combs on bars.