The Boy Electrician

by Alfred Powell Morgan

The apparatus and experiments that I have described have been constructed and carried out by boys. Their problems and their questions have been studied and remedied. I have tried to present practical matter considered wholly from a boy’s standpoint, and to show the young experimenter just what he can do with the tools and materials in his possession or not hard to obtain.

To the boy interested in science, a wide field is open. There is no better education for any boy than to begin at the bottom of the ladder and climb the rungs of scientific knowledge, step by step. It equips him with information which may prove of inestimable worth in an opportune moment.

There is an apt illustration in the boy who watched his mother empty a jug of molasses into a bowl and replace the cork. His mother told him not to disturb the jug, as it was empty. He persisted, however, and turned the jug upside down. No more molasses came, but out crawled a fly. New developments in science will never cease. Invention will follow invention. The unexpected is often a valuable clue. The Edisons and Teslas of to-day have not discovered everything. There is a fly in the molasses, to be had by persistence. Inspiration is but a starting-point. Success means work, days, nights, weeks, and years.

There can be no boy who will follow exactly any directions given to him, or do exactly as he is told, of his own free will. He will "bolt" at the first opportunity. If forced or obliged to do as he is directed, his action will be accompanied by many a "why?" Therefore in presenting the following chapters I have not only told how to make the various motors, telegraphs, telephones, radio receivers, etc. but have also explained the principles of electricity upon which they depend for their operation, and how the same thing is accomplished in the every-day world. In giving directions or offering cautions, I have usually stated the reason for so doing, in the hope that this information may be a stimulant to the imagination of the young experimenter and a useful guide in enabling him to proceed along some of the strange roads on which he will surely go.

ALFRED P. MORGAN

UPPER MONTCLAIR, N. J.

• [THE BOY ELECTRICIAN]
  • [INTRODUCTION]
  • [CHAPTER I MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM]
  • [CHAPTER II STATIC ELECTRICITY]
  • [CHAPTER III STATIC ELECTRIC MACHINES]
  • [CHAPTER IV CELLS AND BATTERIES]
  • [CHAPTER V ELECTRO-MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION]
  • [CHAPTER VI ELECTRICAL UNITS]
  • [CHAPTER VII ELECTRICAL APPURTENANCES]
  • [CHAPTER VIII ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS]
  • [CHAPTER IX BELLS, ALARMS, AND ANNUNCIATORS]
  • [CHAPTER X ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS]
  • [CHAPTER XI MICROPHONES AND TELEPHONES]
  • [CHAPTER XII INDUCTION COILS]
  • [CHAPTER XIII TRANSFORMERS]
  • [CHAPTER VIV WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY]
  • [CHAPTER XV A WIRELESS TELEPHONE]
  • [CHAPTER XVI ELECTRIC MOTORS]
  • [CHAPTER XVII DYNAMOS]
  • [CHAPTER XVIII AN ELECTRIC RAILWAY]
  • [CHAPTER XIX MINIATURE LIGHTING]
  • [CHAPTER XX MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL APPARATUS]
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• [A BOY’S WIRELESS OUTFIT MADE UP OF THE APPARATUS DESCRIBED IN CHAPTER XIV. THE JUNIOR DYNAMO AND A COHERER OUTFIT CAN BE SEEN ON THE LOWER PART OF THE TABLE.]
• [Fig. 1.—The Card of a Mariner's Compass, Showing the "Points."]
• [Fig. 2.—A Bar Magnet]
• [Fig. 3.—A Horseshoe Magnet]
• [Fig. 4.—A Magnetized Needle and a Bar Magnet which have been dipped in Iron Filings.]
• [Fig. 5.—The Lifting Power of a Bar Magnet. It must be brought closer to the nails than the tacks because they are heavier.]
• [Fig. 6.—A Simple Compass.]
• [Fig. 7.—Several Different Methods of Making a Simple Compass.]
• [Fig. 8.—The Attraction of an Iron Nail through Glass.]
• [Fig. 9.—A Magnetic Chain.]
• [Fig. 10.—An Experiment Illustrating that Like Poles Repel Each Other and Unlike Poles Attract.]
• [Fig. 11.—A Magnetic Boat.]
• [Fig. 12.—Repulsion between Similar Poles, Shown by Floating Needles.]
• [Fig. 13.—A Magnetic "Phantom," Showing the Field of Force about a Magnet.]
• [Fig. 14.—Magnetic Phantom showing the Lines of Force about a Horseshoe Magnet.]
• [Fig. 15.—Lines of Force between Like and Unlike Poles.]
• [Fig. 16.—A Simple Dipping Needle.]
• [Fig. 17.—An Electrified Glass Rod will Attract Small Bits of Paper.]
• [From the author's "Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony" by permission. A Double Lightning Discharge from a Cloud to the Earth.]
• [Fig. 19.—A Piece of Dry Writing-Paper may be Electrified by Rubbing.]
• [Fig. 20.—A Surprise for the Cat.]
• [Fig. 21.—A Paper Electroscope.]
• [Fig. 22.—A Pith-Ball Electroscope.]
• [Fig. 23.—A Double Pith-Ball Electroscope.]
• [Fig. 24.—A Gold-Leaf Electroscope.]
• [Fig. 25.—Method of Suspending an Electrified Rod in a Wire Stirrup.]
• [Fig. 26.—Similarly Electrified Bodies Repel Each Other. Dissimilarly Electrified Ones Attract Each Other.]
• [Fig. 27.—The Electrophorous]
• [Fig. 28.—An Electric Frog-Pond.]
• [Fig. 29.—Front View of a Cylinder Electric Machine.]
• [Fig. 30.—Method of Finding the Center of a Circle.]
• [Fig. 31.—The "Rubber."]
• [Fig. 32.—The Prime Conductor or Collector.]
• [Fig. 33.—The Complete Cylinder Electric Machine.]
• [Fig. 34.—Paper Pattern for laying out the Plates.]
• [Fig. 35.—Plate with Sectors in Position, and a Pattern for the Sectors.]
• [Fig. 36.—A Side View of one of the Bosses, showing the Brass Bushing used.]
• [Fig. 37.—The Frame.]
• [Fig. 38.—The Upright.]
• [Fig. 39.—The Driving-Wheels and Axle.]
• [Fig. 40—The Boss and Axle. For sake of clearness, the Plate is not shown.]
• [Fig. 41—Showing how the Ball, Comb, etc., are mounted on the Glass Rod.]
• [Fig. 42.—A Comb or Collector.]
• [Fig. 43.—Showing how the Tinsel Brushes are arranged on the "Neutralizer" Rods.]
• [Fig. 44.—The Complete Wimshurst Electric Machine. B B B B, Brushes. C C, Combs. D B, Discharge Ball. I I, Glass Rods. H, Handle. Q Q, Quadrant Rods. S S S S S, Sectors. S G, Spark-Gap. P P, Driving-Wheels. For the sake of clearness, several of the sectors are not shown.]
• [Fig. 45.—The Leyden Jar.]
• [Fig. 46.—A Wooden Mortar for Igniting Gunpowder.]
• [Fig. 47.—An Electric Umbrella.]
• [Fig. 48.—A Lightning Board.]
• [Fig. 49.—An Electric Dance.]
• [Fig. 50.—An Electric Whirl.]
• [Fig. 51.—Lichtenberg's Figures.]
• [Fig. 52.—The Voltaic Cell.]
• [Fig. 53.—The Elements of Simple Voltaic Cell.]
• [Fig. 54.—A Home-Made Voltaic Cell.]
• [Fig. 55.—Carbon-Cylinder Cell, and Cylinder.]
• [Fig. 56.—A Leclanche Cell, showing the Porous Cup.]
• [Fig. 57.—A Dry Cell.]
• [Fig. 58.—The Different Operations involved in Making a Dry Cell.]
• [Fig. 59.—A Zinc-Carbon Element, made from Heavy plates.]
• [Fig. 60.—A Method of making a Cell Element from Carbon Rods.]
• [Fig. 61. An Element made from two Carbon Plates and a Zinc Rod.]
• [Fig. 62. A Method of Mounting four Carbon Plates.]
• [Fig. 63.—A Battery Element arranged for three Cells.]
• [Fig. 64.—A Plunge Battery, with Windlass.]
• [Fig. 65.—A Plunge Battery adapted to a Set of Elements, as shown in Figure 63. They may be lifted out and placed on the "Arms" to drain.]
• [Fig. 66.—An Edison-Lalande Cell.]
• [Fig. 67.—A Tomato-Can Cell; Sectional View.]
• [Fig. 68.—The Tomato-Can Cell Complete.]
• [Fig. 69.—Two Methods of Connecting Cells so as to obtain Different Voltage and Amperage Values.]
• [Fig. 70.—Small Storage Cells.]
• [Fig. 71.—How to make the Plates for a Storage Cell.]
• [Fig. 72.—The Wood Separator.]
• [Fig. 73.—The Complete Element for a Storage Cell.]
• [Fig. 74.—A Battery of Home-Made Storage Cells.]
• [Fig. 75.—Gravity Cells. These consist of zinc and copper elements, immersed in a zinc-copper sulphate solution. They cannot be easily made, and are best purchased. The illustration also shows the star-shaped copper and "crowfoot" zinc element used in a gravity cell.]
• [Fig. 76.—A Current of Electricity flowing through a Wire will deflect a Compass Needle.]
• [Fig. 77.—If a Loop of Wire is formed about a Compass Needle, the Deflection will be greater.]
• [Fig. 78.—Iron Filings clustered on a Wire carrying a Current of Electricity.]
• [Fig. 79.—Magnetic Phantom formed about a Wire carrying a Current of Electricity.]
• [Fig. 80.—Magnetic Phantom formed about several Turns of wire.]
• [Fig. 81.—Paper Tube wrapped with Wire for Experimental Purposes.]
• [Fig. 82.—Showing how the Lines of Force "Leak" at the sides of the coil, from a Coil of Wire, and how they are concentrated by an Iron Core.]
• [Fig. 83.—The Principle of an Electro-Magnet.]
• [Fig. 84.—if you wrap some insulated Wire around an Ordinary Nail and connect it to a Battery, it will become an Electro-Magnet.]
• [Fig. 85.—If you wind the Wire around a small Paper Tube into which a Nail will slide easily, the Coil will draw the Nail in when the Current is turned on.]
• [By permission, from "Solenoids" by C. R. Underhill. Lifting-Magnets of the type known as Plate, Billet, and Ingot Magnets.]
• [Fig. 86.—Showing how a Current of Electricity may be induced by a Bar Magnet and a Coil.]
• [Fig. 87.—A Horseshoe Magnet and a Coil arranged to produce Electric Currents by Induction.]
• [Fig. 88.—Graphic Representation of a Direct and an Alternating Current.]
• [Fig. 89.—Staples and Wooden Cleat used for running Low Voltage Wires.]
• [Fig. 90.—Porcelain Insulators to support Electric Light Wires.]
• [Fig. 91.—Glass Insulator Binding-Posts and Pin used to support Telegraph and Telephone wires.]
• [Fig. 92.—Types of Binding-Posts.]
• [Fig. 93.—Home-made Binding-Posts.]
• [Fig. 94.—Binding-Post removed from the Carbon of a Dry Cell.]
• [Fig. 95.—Simple Switches. A, Single-Point Switch. B, Two-Point Switch. C, Three-Point Switch. D, Five-Point Switch. E, Lever with End Rolled up to form Handle. F, Lever with Handle made from part of a Spool.]
• [Fig. 96.—Knife Switches.]
• [Fig. 97.—Metal Parts for the Knife Switches.]
• [Fig. 98.—Simple Fuses. A, Fuse-Block with plain Wire Fuse. D, Fuse-Block with Mica Fuse in position.]
• [Fig. 99.—Lightning-Arrester and Ground-Wire Switch.]
• [Fig. 100.—Home-made Lightning-Arrester.]
• [Fig. 101.—Lightning-Arrester for Telephone Wires.]
• [Fig. 102.—A, Base, showing Slot. B and C, Sides and Top of the Bobbin. D, Base and Bobbin in Position.]
• [Fig. 103.—Arrangement of the Needle and Pointer.]
• [Fig. 104.—A, Bearings. B, How the Needle is mounted.]
• [Fig. 105.—The Completed Meter.]
• [Fig. 106.—Details of the Bobbin.]
• [Fig. 107.—The Bobbin partly cut away so as to show the Bearing. Details of the Armature and Shaft.]
• [Fig. 108.—Completed Voltmeter.]
• [Fig. 109.—Circuits for Calibrating the Ammeter and Voltmeter.]
• [Fig. 110.—Simple Compass Galvanoscope.]
• [Fig. 111.—Galvanoscope.]
• [Fig. 112.—Astatic Galvanoscope.]
• [Fig. 113.—Astatic Needles.]
• [Fig. 114.—Bobbin for Astatic Galvanometer.]
• [Fig. 115.—Completed Astatic Galvanometer.]
• [Fig. 116.—Wheatstone Bridge.]
• [Fig. 117.—Knife-Contact.]
• [Fig. 118.—Resistance-Coil. A shows how the Wire is doubled and wound on the Spool. B is the completed Coil.]
• [Fig. 119.—Details of the Magnet Spools, and Yoke for an Electric Bell.]
• [Fig. 120.—Details of the Armature, and Contact Screw.]
• [Fig. 121.—The Completed Bell.]
• [Fig. 122.—Diagram showing how to connect a Bell, Battery, and Push-Button.]
• [Fig. 123.—Two Simple Push-Buttons.]
• [Fig. 124.—Diagram showing how to arrange a Bell System of Return Signals.]
• [Fig. 125.—Burglar-Alarm Trap.]
• [Fig. 126.—An Early-Riser’s Electric Alarm Attachment for a Clock.]
• [Fig. 127.—Details of the Chain Electrodes, etc.]
• [Fig. 128.—An Annunciator Drop.]
• [Fig 129.—Details of the Drop-Frame and Armature.]
• [Fig. 130.—A Typical Telegraph Key, showing the Various Parts.]
• [Fig. 131.—A Typical Telegraph Sounder, showing the Various Parts.]
• [Fig. 132.—A Simple Home-made Telegraph Key.]
• [Fig. 133.—A Simple Home-made Telegraph Sounder.]
• [Fig. 134.—A Diagram showing how to connect two Simple Telegraph Stations.]
• [Fig. 135.—A Complete Telegraph Set, consisting of a Keyboard and a Sounder.]
• [Fig. 136.—Details of the Telegraph Set shown in Figure 135.]
• [Fig. 137.—A Diagram showing how to connect two Complete Telegraph Sets, using one Line Wire and a Ground. The Two-Point Switches throw the Batteries out of Circuit when the Line is not in use.]
• [Fig. 138.—Details of the Relay Parts.]
• [Fig. 139.—The Completed Relay.]
• [Fig. 140.—A Diagram showing how to connect a Relay, Sounder, and Key. Closing the Key will operate the Relay. The Relay will then operate the Sounder in turn.]
• [Fig. 141.—How to hold a Telegraph Key.]
• [Fig. 142.—The Morse Telegraphic Code.]
• [Fig. 143.—A Microphone connected to a Telephone Receiver, and a Battery.]
• [Fig. 144.—A Very Sensitive Form of Microphone, with which the Footsteps of a Fly can be heard.]
• [Fig. 145.—A Telephone System, consisting of a Receiver, Transmitter, and a Battery connected in Series. Words spoken into the Transmitter are reproduced by the Receiver.]
• [Fig. 146.—A Watch-Case Telephone Receiver.]
• [Fig. 147.—A Simple Form of Telephone Receiver.]
• [Fig. 148.—A Home-made Telephone Transmitter.]
• [Fig. 149.—A Complete Telephone Instrument. Two Instruments such as this are necessary to form a simple Telephone System.]
• [Fig. 150.—Diagram of Connection for the Telephone Instrument shown in Fig. 149.]
• [Fig. 151.—A Desk-Stand Type of Telephone.]
• [Fig. 152.—A Telephone Induction Coil.]
• [Fig. 153.—Diagram of Connection for a Telephone System employing an Induction Coil at each Station.]
• [Fig. 154.—Details of Various Parts of a Medical Coil.]
• [Fig. 155.—Details of Interrupter for Medical Coil.]
• [Fig. 156.—Completed Medical Coil.]
• [Fig. 157.—Diagram showing Essential Parts of Induction Coil.]
• [Fig. 158.—Empty Paper Tube, and Tube filled with Core Wire preparatory to winding on the Primary.]
• [Fig. 159.—Illustrating the Various Steps in winding on the Primary and fastening the Ends of the Wire.]
• [Fig. 160.—Complete Primary Winding and Core.]
• [Fig. 161.—The Primary covered with Insulating Layer of Paper ready for the Secondary.]
• [Fig. 162.—Simple Winding Device for winding the Secondary.]
• [Fig. 163.—Completed Secondary Winding.]
• [Fig. 164.—Interrupter Parts.]
• [Fig. 165.—Condenser.]
• [Fig. 166.—Completed Coil.]
• [Fig. 167.—Diagram showing how to connect the Apparatus for the "Electric Hands" Experiment.]
• [Fig. 168.—Geissler Tubes.]
• [Fig. 169.—The Bulb will emit a Peculiar Greenish Light.]
• [Fig. 170.—An Electrified Garbage-can.]
• [Fig. 171.—Jacob's Ladder.]
• [Fig. 172.—An X-Ray Tube.]
• [Fig. 173.—Fluoroscope.]
• [Fig. 174.—How to connect an X-Ray Tube to a Spark-Coil.]
• [An X-Ray Photograph of the hand taken with the Outfit shown in Figure 174. The arrows point to injuries to the bone of the third finger near the middle Joint Resulting in a Stiff Joint.]
• [Fig. 175.—Comparison between Electric Current and Flow of Water.]
• [Fig. 176.—Alternating Current System for Light and Power.]
• [Fig. 177.—Motor Generator Set for changing Alternating Current to Direct Current.]
• [Fig. 178.—Step-Up Transformer.]
• [Fig. 179.—Step-Down Transformer.]
• [Fig. 180.—Core Dimensions.]
• [Fig. 181.—The Core, Assembled and Taped.]
• [Fig. 182.—Transformer Leg.]
• [Fig. 183.—Fiber Head.]
• [Fig. 184.—Leg with Heads in Position for Winding.]
• [Fig. 185.—How to make a Tap in the Primary by soldering a Copper Strip to the Wire.]
• [Fig. 186.—The Transformer completely Wound and ready for Assembling.]
• [Fig. 187.—Wooden Strips for mounting the Transformer on the Base.]
• [Fig. 188.—Details of the Switch Parts.]
• [Fig. 189.—The Complete Switch.]
• [Fig. 190.—Diagram of Connections.]
• [Fig. 191.—Top View of the Transformer.]
• [Fig. 192.—Side View of the Transformer.]
• [Fig. 193.—Little Waves spread out from the Spot.]
• [Fig. 194.—A Simple Transmitter.]
• [Fig. 195.—A Simple Receptor.]
• [Fig. 196.—Molded Aerial Insulator]
• [Fig. 197.—A Porcelain Cleat will make a Good Insulator for Small Aerials.]
• [Fig. 198.—Method of Arranging the Wires and Insulating them from the Cross Arm or Spreader.]
• [Fig. 199.—Various Types of Aerials.]
• [Fig. 200.—A Ground Clamp for Pipes.]
• [Fig. 201.—Details of the Tuning Coil.]
• [Fig. 202.—Side and End Views of the Tuning Coil.]
• [Fig. 203.—Complete Double-Slider Tuning Coil.]
• [Fig. 204.—A Simple Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 205.—Details of the Wooden Parts.]
• [Fig. 206.—Side View of the Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 207.—Top View of the Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 208.—End Views of the Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 209.—Complete Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 210.—A Crystal Detector.]
• [Fig. 211.—Details of the Crystal Detector.]
• [A Double Slider Tuning Coil.]
• [A Junior Loose Coupler.]
• [Crystal Detectors.]
• [Fig. 212 Details of the "Cat Whisker" Detector.]
• [Fig. 213.—Another Form of the "Cat-Whisker" Detector.]
• [Fig. 214.—"Cat-Whisker" Detector.]
• [Fig. 215.—Building up a Fixed Condenser.]
• [Fig. 216.—A Fixed Condenser enclosed in a Brass Case made from a Piece of Tubing fitted with Wooden Ends.]
• [Fig. 217.—A Telephone Head Set.]
• [Fig. 218.—A Circuit showing how to connect a Double-Slider Tuning Coil.]
• [Fig. 219.—Circuit showing how to connect a Loose Coupler.]
• [Fig. 220.—A Diagram showing how to connect some of the Instruments described in this Chapter.]
• [Fig. 221.—A Wireless Spark Coil.]
• [Fig. 222.—Small Spark Gaps.]
• [Fig. 223.—Diagram showing how to connect a Simple Transmitter.]
• [Fig. 224.—A Test-Tube Leyden Jar.]
• [Fig. 225.—Eight Test-Tube Leyden Jars mounted in a Wooden Rack.]
• [Fig. 226.—A Helix and Clip.]
• [Fig. 227.—An Oscillation Transformer.]
• [AN OSCILLATION HELIX.]
• [AN OSCILLATION CONDENSER.]
• [Fig 228.—Circuit showing how to connect a Helix and a Condenser.]
• [Fig 229.—Circuit showing how to connect an Oscillation Transformer and a Condenser.]
• [Fig 230.—An Aerial Switch.]
• [Fig 231.—A Complete Wiring Diagram for both the Transmitter and the Receptor.]
• [Fig. 232.—The Continental Alphabet.]
• [Fig. 233.—A Coherer and a Decoherer.]
• [Fig. 234.—Details of the Coherer.]
• [Fig. 235.—The Relay.]
• [Fig. 236.—The Complete Coherer Outfit.]
• [Fig. 237.—A Simple Arrangement showing the Inductive Action between two Coils.]
• [Fig. 238.—A Simple Wireless Telephone. Speech directed into the Transmitter can be heard in the Receiver, although there is no direct electrical connection between the two.]
• [Fig. 239.—A Double-Contact Strap-Key. The Dotted Lines show how the Binding-Posts are connected.]
• [Fig. 240.—The Circuit of the Wireless Telephone. When the Key is up, the Receiver is ready for Action. When the Key is pressed, the Transmitter and Battery are thrown into the Circuit.]
• [Fig. 241.—A Complete Wireless Telephone and Telegraph Station for Amateurs. 1. The Telephone Coil. 2. The Telephone Transmitter. 3. Double-Contact Strap-Key. 4. The Battery. 5. Spark Coil. 6. Key. 7. Spark-Gap. 8. Aerial Switch. 9. Loose Coupler. 10. Detector, 11. Fixed Condenser. 12. Code Chart. 13. Amateur License. 14. Aerial. 15. Telephone Receivers.]
• [Fig. 242.—A Simple Electric Motor which may be made in Fifteen Minutes.]
• [Fig. 243.—Details of the Armature of the Simplex Motor.]
• [Fig. 244.—The Armature.]
• [Fig. 245.—The Field.]
• [Fig. 246.—The Field and Commutator.]
• [Fig. 247.—The Bearings.]
• [Fig. 248.—The Complete Motor.]
• [Fig. 249.—Details of the Motor.]
• [Fig. 250.—Complete Motor.]
• [Fig. 251—A Telephone Magneto.]
• [Fig. 252.—The Principle of the Alternator and the Direct-Current Dynamo.]
• [Fig. 253.—Details of the Armature, Commutator, and Brushes.]
• [Fig. 254.—The Complete Generator.]
• [Fig. 255.—Details of the Field Casting.]
• [Fig. 256.—Details of the Armature Casting.]
• [Fig. 257.—Details of the Commutator.]
• [Fig. 258.—Diagram showing how to connect the Armature Winding to the Commutator.]
• [Fig. 259.—Details of the Wooden Base.]
• [Fig. 260.—The Pulley and Bearings.]
• [Fig. 261.—The Brushes.]
• [THE JUNIOR DYNAMO MOUNTED ON A LONG WOODEN BASE AND BELTED TO A GROOVED WHEEL FITTED WITH A CRANK SO THAT THE DYNAMO CAN BE RUN AT HIGH SPEED BY HAND POWER. THE ILLUSTRATION ALSO SHOWS A SMALL INCANDESCENT LAMP CONNECTED TO THE DYNAMO SO THAT WHEN THE CRANK IS TURNED THE LAMP WILL LIGHT.]
• [Fig. 262.—Complete Dynamo.]
• [Fig. 263.—Complete Electric Railway operated by Dry Cells. Note how the Wires from the Battery are connected to the Rails by means of the Wooden Conductors illustrated in Figure 277.]
• [Fig. 264.—Details of the Floor of the Car.]
• [Fig. 265.—Details of the Bearing which supports the Wheel and Axle.]
• [Fig. 266.—The Wheels and Axle.]
• [Fig. 267.—The Motor.]
• [Fig. 268.—The Complete Truck of the Car without the Body.]
• [Fig. 269.—Pattern for the Sides and Ends of the Car.]
• [Fig. 270.—The Roof of the Car.]
• [Fig. 271.—The Completed Car.]
• [Fig. 272.–Details of a Wooden Tie.]
• [Fig. 273.–Arrangement of Track.]
• [Fig. 274.—Three Different Patterns for laying out the Track.]
• [Fig. 275.—Details of the Base of the Cross-over.]
• [Fig. 276.—The Completed Cross-over.]
• [Fig. 277.—A Connector for joining the Ends of the Rails.]
• [Fig. 278.—A Bumper for preventing the Car from leaving the Rails.]
• [Fig. 279.—A Design for a Railway Bridge.]
• [Fig. 280.—A Design for a Railway Station.]
• [Fig. 281.—Miniature Carbon Battery Lamp.]
• [Fig. 282.—Miniature Tungsten Battery Lamp.]
• [Fig. 283.—Lamps fitted respectively with Miniature, Candelabra, and Ediswan Bases.]
• [Fig. 284.—Miniature Flat-Base Porcelain Receptacle.]
• [Fig. 285.—Weather-proof and Pin-Sockets.]
• [Fig. 286.—Types of Battery Switches suitable for Miniature Lighting.]
• [Fig. 287.—How Lamps are Connected in Multiple.]
• [Fig. 288.—How Lamps are Connected in Series.]
• [Fig. 289.—Three-way Wiring Diagram. The Light may be turned off or on from either Switch.]
• [Fig. 290.—A Lamp Bracket for Miniature Lighting.]
• [Fig. 291.—A Home-made Bracket.]
• [Fig. 292.—A Hanging Lamp.]
• [Fig. 293.—How the Reflector is made.]
• [Fig. 294.—A Three-Cell Dry Battery for use in Hand-Lanterns, etc.]
• [Fig. 295.—An Electric Hand-Lantern.]
• [Fig. 296.—An Electric Ruby Lantern.]
• [Fig. 297.—The Electric Ruby Lamp with Glass and Shield Removed.]
• [Fig. 298.—An Electric Night-Light for telling the Time during the Night.]
• [Fig. 299.—A Watch-Light.]
• [Fig. 300.—A "Pea" Lamp attached to a Flexible Wire and a Plug.]
• [Fig. 301.—Four Steps in Carving a Skull Scarf-Pin. 1. The Bone. 2. Hole drilled in Base. 3. Roughed out. 4. Finished.]
• [Fig. 302.—The Completed Pin ready to be connected to a Battery by removing the Lamp from a Flashlight and screwing the Plug into its Place.]
• [Fig. 303.—How the Copper Wires (C) and the Silver Wires (I) are twisted together in Pairs.]
• [Fig. 304.—Wooden Ring.]
• [Fig. 305.—Complete Thermopile. An Alcohol Lamp should be lighted and placed so that the Flame heats the Inside Ends of the Wires in the Center of the Wooden Ring.]
• [Fig. 306.—A Reflectoscope.]
• [Fig. 307.—How the Lens is Arranged and Mounted.]
• [Fig. 308.—A View of the Reflectoscope from the Rear, showing the Door, etc.]
• [Fig. 309.—A View of the Reflectoscope with the Cover removed, showing the Arrangement of the Lamps, etc.]
• [Fig. 310.—A Socket for holding the Lamp.]
• [Fig. 311.—The Tin Reflector.]
• [Fig 312.—Top View of Lamp Bank, showing how the Circuit is arranged. A and B are the Posts to which should be connected any Device it‘s desirable to operate.]
• [Fig. 313.—A Glass Jar arranged to serve as an Electro-Plating Tank.]
• [Fig. 314.—A Rheostat.]
• [Fig. 315.—A Pole-Changing Switch or Current Reverser. The Connecting Strip is pivoted so that the Handle will operate both the Levers, A and B.]
• [COMPLETE RECEIVING SET, CONSISTING OF DOUBLE SLIDER TUNING COIL, DETECTOR AND FIXED CONDENSER.]
• [COMPLETE RECEIVING SET, CONSISTING OF A LOOSE COUPLER IN PLACE OF THE TUNING COIL, DETECTOR AND FIXED CONDENSER.]
• [Fig. 316. A Complete Wireless Receiving Outfit.]
• [Fig. 317.—Illustrating the Principle of the Tesla Coil. A Leyden Jar discharges through the Primary Coil and a High-Frequency Spark is produced at the Secondary.]
• [Fig. 318.—Details of the Wooden Rings used as the Primary Heads.]
• [Fig. 319.—Details of the Cross Bars which support the Primary Winding.]
• [Fig. 320.—The Secondary Head.]
• [A COMPLETE COHERER OUTFIT AS DESCRIBED ON PAGE 274.]
• [THE TESLA HIGH FREQUENCY COIL.]
• [Fig. 321.—End View of the Complete Tesla Coil.]
• [Fig. 322.—The Complete Tesla Coil.]
• [Fig 323.—Showing how a Glass-Plate Condenser is built up of Alternate Sheets of Tinfoil and Glass.]
• [Fig. 324.—A Diagram showing the Proper Method of Connecting a Tesla Coil.]