It will, I think, be admitted that this view hardly accounts for the existence of the highly peculiar human faculties in question.
[237] For an earlier discussion of this subject, with some wider applications, see the author's Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, chap. x.
INDEX
A
Abbott, Dr. C.C., instability of habits of birds, [76]
on American water-thrushes (Seiurus), [117]
Mr., drawings of caterpillars and their food plants, [203]
Accessory plumes, development and display of, [293]
Acclimatisation, [94]
Achatinellidae, Gulick on variations in, [147]
Acquired characters, non-heredity of, [440]
Acraeidae, mimicry of, [247]
Adaptation to conditions at various periods of life, [112]
Adolias dirtea, sexual diversity of, [271]
Aegeriidae, mimicry by, [240]
Agaristidae, mimicry of, [246]
Agassiz, on species, [5]
on North American weeds, [15]
Agelaeus phoeniceus, diagram showing variations of, [56];
proportionate numbers which vary, [64]
Albatross, courtship of great, [287]
Allen, Mr. Grant, on forms of leaves, [133]
on degradation of wind-fertilised from insect-fertilised flowers, [325] (note)
on insects and flowers, [332]
on production of colour through the agency of the colour sense, [334]
Mr. J.A., on the variability of birds, [50]
Allen, Mr. J.A., on colour as influenced by climate, [228]
Alluring coloration, [210]
American school of evolutionists, [420]
Anemone nemorosa, variability of, [78]
Animal coloration, a theory of, [288]
general laws of, [296]
intelligence, supposed action of, [425]
characteristics of man, [454]
Animals, the struggle among, [18]
wild, their enjoyment of life, [39]
usually die painless deaths, [38]
constitutional variation of, [94]
uses of colours of, [134]
supposed effects of disuse in wild, [415]
most allied to man, [450]
Antelopes, recognition marks of, [219]
Anthrocera filipendula inedible, [235]
Apples, variations of, [87]
Arctic animals, supposed causes of white colour of, [191]
Argyll, Duke of, on goose reared by a golden eagle, [75]
Artemia salina and A. milhausenii, [426]
Asclepias curassavica, spread of, [28]
Asses running wild in Quito, [28]
Attractive fruits, [306]
Australia, spread of the Cape-weed in, [29]
fossil and recent mammals of, [392]
Azara, on cause of horses and cattle not running wild in Paraguay, [19]
Azores, flora of, supports aerial transmission of seeds, [368]
B
Baker, Mr. J.G., on rarity of spiny plants in Mauritius, [432]
Ball, Mr., on cause of late appearance of exogens, [400]
Barber, Mrs., on variable colouring of pupae of Papilio nireus, [197]
on protective colours of African sun-birds, [200]
Barbs, [91]
Barriers, importance of, in questions of distribution, [341]
Bates, Mr. H.W., on varieties of butterflies, [44]
on inedibility of Heliconidae, [234]
on a conspicuous caterpillar, [236]
on mimicry, [240], [243], [249]
Bathmism or growth-force, Cope on, [421]
Beddard, Mr. F.E., variations of earthworms, [67]
on plumes of bird of paradise, [292]
Beech trees, aggressive in Denmark, [21]
Beetle and wasp (figs.), [259]
Beetle, fossil in coal measures of Silesia, [404]
Beginnings of important organs, [128]
Belt, Mr., on leaf-like locust, [203]
on birds avoiding Heliconidae, [234]
Belt's frog, [266]
Birds, rate of increase of, [25]
how destroyed, [26]
variation among, [49]
variation of markings of, [52]
variation of wings and tails of, [53]
diagram showing variation of tarsus and toes, [60]
use of structural peculiarities of, [135]
eggs, coloration of, [212]
recognition marks of, [222]
and butterflies, white in tropical islands, [230]
sometimes seize inedible butterflies, [255]
mimicry among, [263]
Birds, sexual coloration of, [275]
cause of dull colour of female, [277]
choice of female not known to be determined by colour, etc., [285]
decorative plumage of, [285]
antics of unornamented, [287]
which fertilise flowers, [319]
colours of, not dependent on the colours of flowers, [336]
no proof of aesthetic tastes in, [336]
dispersal of, [355]
and insects at sea, [357]
of oceanic islands, [358]
carrying seeds on their feet, [361]
ancestral forms of, [407]
Birthplace, probable, of man, [459]
Bombyx regia, protective form of larva of, [210]
Boyd Dawkins, on development of deer's horns, [389]
on origin of man, [456]
Brady, Mr. George, on protective colouring of starfishes, [209]
Brain development, progressive, [390]
Brains of man and apes, [452]
Branner, Mr. J.C., on supposed proofs of glaciation in Brazil, [370]
Brazil, supposed proof of glaciation in, [370]
Brewer, Professor W.H., on want of symmetry in colours of animals, [217]
Bromelia, animals inhabiting leaves of, [118]
Bronn, Professor, on supposed uselessness of variations of ears and tails, [136]
Butler, Mr. A.G., on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, [237]
Butterflies, varieties of, [44]
small, of Isle of Man, [106]
special protective colouring of, [206]
recognition by, [226]
inedibility of some, [234]
mimicry among, [240], [249]
colour development of, [274]
sexual coloration of, [271]
C
Caddis-fly larvae inhabiting bromelia leaves, [118]
Callophis, harmless mimicking poisonous species, [262]
Candolle, Alp. de, on variation in oaks, [77]
on variability of Papaver bracteatum, [79]
Cardinalis virginianus, diagram showing proportionate numbers which vary, [65];
variations of, [58]
Carpenter, Dr. W.B., on variation in the Foraminifera, [43]
Carriers, [91]
Caterpillars, resemblance of, to their food plants, [203]-[205]
inedible, [236]
Cattle, how they prevent the growth of trees, [18]
increase of, in St. Domingo, Mexico, and the pampas, [27]
Ceylon, spread of Lantana mixta in, [29]
Chaffinch, change of habit of, in New Zealand, [76]
Chambers, Robert, on origin of species, [3]
Chance rarely determines survival, [123]
Change of conditions, utility of, [326]
Characters, non-adaptive, [131]
transferred from useless to useful class, [132]
Charaxes psaphon persecuted by a bird, [235]
Chile, numerous red tubular flowers in, [320]
Chimpanzee, figure of, [454]
Clark, Mr. Edwin, on cause of absence of forests on the pampas, [23]
on the struggle for life in the South American valleys, [24]
Cleistogamous flowers, [322]
Close interbreeding, supposed evil results of, [326]
Clover, white, spread of, in New Zealand, [28]
Co-adaptation of parts by variation, no real difficulty, [418]
Cobra, use of hood of, [262]
Coccinella mimicked by grasshopper, (figure), [260]
Collingwood, Mr., on butterflies recognising their kind, [226]
Coloration, alluring, [210]
of birds' eggs, [212]
a theory of animal, [288]
Colour correlated with sterility, [169]
correlated with constitutional peculiarities, [170]
in nature, the problem to be solved, [188]
constancy, in animals indicates utility, [189]
and environment, [190]
general theories of animal, [193]
animal, supposed causes of, [193]
obscure, of many tropical animals, [194]
produced by surrounding objects, [195]
adaptations, local, [199]
for recognition, [217]
of wild animals not quite symmetrical, [217] (note)
as influenced by locality or climate, [228]
development in butterflies, [274]
more variable than habits, [278]
and nerve distribution, [290]
and tegumentary appendages, [291]
of flowers, [308]
change of, in flowers when fertilised, [317]
in nature, concluding remarks on, [299], [333]
of fruits, [304]
of flowers growing together contrasted, [318]
Complexity of flowers due to alternate adaptation to insect and self-fertilisation, [328]
Composite, a, widely dispersed without pappus, [367]
Confinement, affecting fertility, [154]
Continental and oceanic areas, [346]
Continents and oceans cannot have changed places, [345]
possible connections between, [349]
Continuity does not prove identity of origin, [463]
Cope, Dr. E.D., on non-adaptive characters, [131]
on fundamental laws of growth, [420]
on bathmism or growth-force, [421]
on use producing structural change, [422]
on law of centrifugal growth, [422]
on origin of the feet of ungulates, [423]
on action of animal intelligence, [425]
Correlations in pigeons, horses, etc., [140]
Corvus frugilegus, [2]
corone, [2]
Coursers, figures of secondary quills, [224]
Cowslip, two forms of, [157]
Crab, sexual diversity of colour of, [269]
Cretaceous period, dicotyledons of, [400]
Crisp, Dr., on variations of gall bladder and alimentary canal, [69]
Crosses, a cause of variation, [99]
reciprocal, [155]
Cross-fertilisation, modes of securing, [310]
difference in, [155]
Crossing and changed conditions,
parallelism of, [166]
Cruciferae, variations of structure in, [80]
Cuckoo, eggs of, [216]
Cuckoos mimick hawks, [263]
Cultivated plants, origin of useful, [97]
Curculionidae mimicked by various insects (figs.), [260]
Curves of variation, [64]
D
Dana, Professor, on the permanence of continents, [342]
Danaidae little attacked by mites, [235]
mimicry of, [246]
Darwin, change of opinion effected by, [8]
the Newton of Natural History, [9]
his view of his own work, [10]
on the enemies of plants, [16]
on fir-trees destroyed by cattle, [17]
on change of plants and animals caused by planting, [18]
on absence of wild cattle in Paraguay, [19]
on cats and red clover, [20]
on variety of plants in old turf, [35]
on the beneficent action of the struggle for existence, [40]
on variability of wild geraniums, [79]
on variability of common species, [80]
his non-recognition of extreme variability of wild species, [82]
on races of domestic pigeon, [90]
on constitutional variation in plants, [95]
on unconscious selection, [96]
on a case of divergence, [105]
on advantage of diversification of structure in inhabitants of one region, [110]
on species of plants in turf, [110]
on isolation, [119]
on origin of mammary glands, [129]
on eyes of flatfish, [129]
on origin of the eye, [130]
on useless characters, [131]
on use of ears and tails, [136]
on disappearance of sports, [140]
on tendency to vary in one direction, [141]
on rare perpetuation of sports, [142]
on utility of specific characters, [142] (note)
on importance of biological environment, [148]
on variable fertility of plants, [155]
on fertile hybrids among plants, [164]
Darwin, on correlation of sterility and colour, [169]
on selective association, [172]
on infertility and natural selection, [174]
on cause of infertility of hybrids, [185]
on white tail of rabbit, [218]
on conspicuous caterpillars, [236]
on sexual selection in insects, [274]
on decorative plumage of male birds, [285]
on development of ocelli, [290]
on value of cross-fertilisation, [309]
on limits to utility of intercrossing, [326]
on flowers due to insects, [332]
on oceanic islands, [342]
on effects of disuse in domestic animals, [415], [435]
on direct action of environment, [419]
on unintelligibility of theory of retardation and acceleration, [421] (note)
on origin of man's moral nature, [461]
Mr. George, on intermarriages of British aristocracy, [326]
Darwinian theory, statement of, [10]
not opposed to spiritual nature of man, [478]
Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on development of deer's horns, [389]
on recent origin of man, [456]
Dawson, Sir W., on determination of fossil plants by leaves, [398] (note)
Death of wild animals usually painless, [38]
De Candolle, definition of species, [1]
on difficulty of naturalising plants, [15]
on war between plants, [16]
on origin of useful cultivated plants, [97]
Deer's horns, development of, [389]
Degeneration, [121]
Delboeuf's law of variation, [141]
Dendraeca coronata, variation of wing-feathers of, [51]
Denmark, struggle between trees in, [20]
Denudation, evidences of, [379]
Desert animals, colour of, [192]
Deserts, effect of goats and camels in destroying vegetation in, [17]
Development and display of accessory plumes, [293]
Diadema anomala, [271]
misippus, great diversity of sexes in, [271]
Diaphora mendica mimics Spilosoma menthrasti, [249]
Difficulties in the facts of fertilisation of flowers, [325]
Dimorphism and trimorphism, [156]
Dippers, probable origin of, [116]
Disease and markings, [290]
Diseases common to man and animals, [449]
Display of decorative plumage, [287]
Distribution of organisms should be explained by theory of descent, [338]
conditions which have determined the, [341]
of marsupials, [350]
of tapirs, [352]
Disuse, effects of, among wild animals, [415]
no proof that the effects of, are inherited, [417]
Divergence of character, [105]-[109]
leads to maximum of forms of life in each area, [109]
Diversity of fauna and flora with geographical proximity, [339]
Dixon, Mr. C, changed habits of chaffinch in New Zealand, [76]
Dogs, origin of, [88]
varieties of, [89]
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, diagram showing variations of, [55]
Domestic animals, varieties of, [88]
Draba verna, varieties of, [77]
Dress of men not determined by female choice, [286]
Dust from Krakatoa, size of particles of, [363]
E
Eastern butterflies, variation of, [45]
Eaton, Rev. A.E., on Kerguelen insects, [106]
Edwards, Mr. W.H., on dark forms of Papilio turnus, [248]
Eggs protectively coloured, [214], [215]
theory of varied colours of, [216]
Elaps mimicked by harmless snakes, [261]
Embryonic development of man and other mammalia, [448]
Ennis, Mr. John, on willows driving out watercresses from rivers of New Zealand, [24]
Entomostraca, in bromelia leaves, [118]
Environment never identical for two species, [149]
direct action of, [418]
direct influence of, [426]
as initiator of variations, [436]
action of, overpowered by natural selection, [437]
Ethical aspect of the struggle for existence, [36]
Euchelia jacobeae inedible, [235]
Everett, Mr. A., on a caterpillar resembling moss, [205]
Evidence of evolution that may be expected among fossil forms, [380]
Evolutionists, American school of, [420]
Exogens, possible cause of sudden late appearance of, [400]
External differences of man and apes, [453]
Extinct animals, number of species of, [376]
Extinction of large animals, cause of, [394]
Eye, origin of, [130]
Eyes, explanation of loss of in cave animals, [416]
F
Facts of natural selection, summary of, [122]
Falcons illustrating divergence, [108]
and butcher birds, hooked and toothed beaks of, [422]
Fantails, [91]
Female birds, why often dull coloured, [277]
Female birds, what their choice of mates is determined by, [286]
butterflies, why dull coloured, [272]
brighter than male bird, [281]
choice a doubtful agent in selection, [283]
preference neutralised by natural selection, [294]
Fertility of domestic animals, [154]
Flatfish, eyes of, [129]
Flesh-fly, enormous increase of, [25]
Floral structure, great differences of, in allied genera and species, [329]
Flowers, variations of, [88]
colours of, [308]
with sham nectaries, [317]
changing colour when fertilised, [317]
adapted to bees or to butterflies, [318]
contrasted colours of, at same season and locality, [318]
fertilisation of, by birds, [319]
self-fertilisation of, [321]
once insect-fertilised now self-fertile, [323]
how the struggle for existence acts among, [328]
repeatedly modified during whole Tertiary period, [331]
the product of insect agency, [332]
Forbes, Mr. H.O., on protective colour of a pigeon, [200]
on spider imitating birds' dropping, [211]
Fossil shells, complete series of transitional forms of, [381]
crocodiles afford evidence of evolution, [383]
horses in America, [386]
and living animals, local relations of, [391]
Fowl, early domestication of, [97]
Frill-back, Indian, [93]
Frog inhabiting bromelia leaves, [118]
Fruits, use of characters of, [133]
colours of, [304]
edible or attractive, [306]
poisonous, [307]
Fulica atra, protectively coloured eggs of, [215]
Fulmar petrel, abundance of, [30]
G
Gallinaceae, ornamental plumes of, [292]
Galton, Mr. F., diagrams of variability used by, [74]
on markings of zebra, [220] (note)
on regression towards mediocrity, [414]
theory of heredity by, [443] (note)
on imperfect counting of the Damaras, [464]
Gaudry on extinct animals at Pikermi, [377]
Gay, Mons. T., on variations of structure in Cruciferae, [80]
Gazella soemmerringi (figure), [219]
Gazelles, recognition marks of, [218]
Geddes, Professor, on variation in plants, [428]
objection to theory of, [430]
Geikie, Dr. Archibald, on formation of marine stratified rocks, [344]
Geoffroy St. Hilaire, on species, [6]
Geological evidences of evolution, [376], [381]
record, causes of imperfection of, [379]
distribution of insects, [403]
antiquity of man, [455]
Ghost-moth, colours of, [270]
Glaciation, no proofs of, in Brazil, [370]
Glow-worm, light a warning of inedibility, [287]
Gomphia oleaefolia, variability of, [79]
Goose eating flesh, [75]
Gosse, Mr. P.H., on variation in the sea-anemones, [43]
on sea-anemone and bullhead, [265]
Gould, Mr., on colours of coast and inland birds, [228]
Grant Allen, on forms of leaves, [133]
on insects and flowers, [332]
Graphite in Laurentian implies abundant plant life, [398]
Gray, Dr. Asa, on naturalised plants in the United States, [110]
Dr. J.E., on variation of skulls of mammalia, [71]
Great fertility not essential to rapid increase, [30]
Great powers of increase of animals, [27]
Green colour of birds in tropical forests, [192]
Grouse, red, recent divergence of, [106]
Gulick, Rev. J.T., on variation of land-shells, [43]
on isolation and variation, [147], [150]
on divergent evolution, [148]
H
Habits of animals, variability of, [74]
Hairy caterpillars inedible, [237]
Hanbury, Mr. Thomas, on a remarkable case of wind conveyance of seed, [373] (note)
Hansten-Blangsted, on succession of trees in Denmark, [21]
Harvest mice, prehensile tails of young, [136]
Hawkweed, species and varieties of British, [77]
Hector, Sir James, use of horns of deer, [137]
Heliconidae, warning colours of, [234]
mimicry of, [240]
Helix nemoralis, varieties of, [43]
hortensis, varieties of, [43]
Hemsley, Mr., on rarity of spines in oceanic islands, [432]
Henslow, Professor G., on vigour of self-fertilised plants, [323]
on wind-fertilised as degradations from insect-fertilised flowers, [324]
on origin of forms and structures of flowers, 434 (note)
Herbert, Dean, on species, [6]
on plant hybrids, [164]
Herbivora, recognition marks of, [218]
Heredity, [11]
Weismann's theory of, [437]
Herschel, Sir John, on species, [3]
Hooker, Sir Joseph, on attempts at naturalising Australian plants in New Zealand, [16]
Home, Mr. C, on inedibility of an Indian locust, [267]
Horns of deer, uses of, [136]
Horse tribe, pedigree of, [384]
ancestral forms of, [386]
Humming-birds, recognition marks of, [226]
Huth, Mr., on close interbreeding, [160]
Huxley, Professor on the struggle for existence, [37]
on fossil crocodiles, [383]
on anatomical peculiarities of the horse tribe, [384]
on development of vertebrates, [448]
on early man, [456]
on brains of man and the gorilla, [457]
Hybridity, remarks on facts of, [166]
summary on, [184]
Hybrids, infertility of, supposed test of distinct species, [152]
fertility of, [159]
fertile among animals, [162]
between sheep and goat, [162]
fertile between distinct species of moths, [163]
fertile among plants, [163]
Hymenopus bicornis, resembling flower, [212]
I
Icterus Baltimore, diagram showing proportionate numbers which
vary, [63]
Imitative resemblances, how produced, [205]
Increase of organisms in a geometrical ratio, [25]
Inedible fruits rarely coloured, [308]
Insect and self-fertilisation, alternation of, in flowers, [328]
Insect-fertilisation, facts relating to, [316]
Insects, coloured for recognition, [226]
warning colours of, [233]
sexual coloration of, [269]
importance of dull colours to female, [272]
visiting one kind of flower at a time, [318]
and flowers, the most brilliant not found together, [335]
Insects, no proof of love of colour by, [336]
and birds at sea, [357]
in mid-ocean, [359]
at great altitudes, [360]
geological distribution of, [403]
ancestral in Silurian, [405]
fossil support evolution, [405]
Instability of useless characters, [138]
Instinct, the theory of, [441]
Insular organisms illustrate powers of dispersal, [354]
Interbreeding, close, injurious effects of, [160]
supposed evil results of close, [326]
Intercrossing, swamping effects of, [142]
not necessarily useful, [325]
Intermediate forms, why not found, [380]
Islands, all oceanic are volcanic or coralline, [342]
Isle of Man, small butterflies of, [106]
Isolation, the importance of, [119]
to prevent intercrossing, [144]
by variations of habits, etc., [145]
Rev. J.G. Gulick on, [147]
when ineffective, [150]
Ituna Ilione and Thyridia megisto, figures of wings of, [251]
J
Jacobin, [93]
Jenyns, Rev. L., on internal variations of mammalia, [69]
Jordan, Mons. A., on varieties of Draba verna, [77]
Judd, Professor, on dust fallen at Genoa, [363]
on Hungarian fossil lacustrine shells, [381]
K
Kerguelen Island, wingless insects of, [106]
Kerivoula picta, protective colour of, [201]
Kerner, Professor, on use of external characters of plants, [133]
on seeds found on glaciers, [366]
Kingfishers illustrating divergence of character, [109]
L
Lacerta muralis, diagram of variation of, [47]
Lagopus scoticus, origin of, [107]
Lamarck, on origin of species, [3]
Land debris deposited near coasts, [343]
and ocean, diagram showing comparative height and depth of, [345]
Large animals, cause of extinction of, [394]
Larvae of moths, variability of, [46]
Laughers, Frill-backs, Nuns, Spots, and Swallows, [93]
Law of relation of colour and nest, [278], [279]
Laws of animal coloration, [296]
Lawson Tait, on uses of tails, [136]
Leaf-butterflies, [207]
Leguminosae, rare in oceanic islands, [368]
Lemuria, an unsound hypothesis, [354]
Lepidoptera, variation of, [44]
Leyden Museum, diagram showing variability of birds in, [61]
Life, Weismann on duration of, 437 (note)
Limenitis misippus mimics Danais archippus, [248]
ursula mimics Papilio philenor, [248]
Linnaeus, on rapid increase of the flesh-fly, [25]
Livingstone, his sensations when seized by a lion, [38]
Lizards, variation among, [46]
diagram of variation of, [48]
sexual colours of, [281]
Local colour adaptations, [199]
Locusts with warning colours inedible, [267]
Longicorns mimic Malacoderms, [257]
Low, Mr., on effects of close interbreeding, [160]
Low, Mr., on fertile crosses between sheep and goat, [162]
on selective association, [172]
Low forms of life, continued existence of, explained, [114]
forms, persistence of, [121]
temperature of tropics not needed to explain plant dispersal, [370]
Lower types, extinction of, among the higher animals, [114]
Lubbock, Sir John, on forms of leaves, [133]
on imperfect counting of early man, [464]
Lyell, Sir Charles, on variation of species, [4]
on the shifting of continents, [342]
M
Madagascar and New Zealand, [347]
Madeira, wingless beetles of, [105]
Maize, origin of, [98]
Male rivalry, a real cause of selection, [283]
Males of many animals fights together, [282]
Malm, on eyes of flatfish, [129]
Mammalia, variation of, [65]
sexual colours of, [281], [282]
afford crucial tests of theories of distribution, [353]
early forms of, [407]
geological distribution of, [408]
Mammary glands, supposed origin of, [129]
Man, summary of animal characteristics of, [454]
geological antiquity of, [455]
early remains of, in California, [456]
probably as old as the Miocene, [457]
probable birthplace of, [459]
origin of moral and intellectual nature of, [461]
possesses mental qualities not derived exclusively
from his animal progenitors, [474]
Man's body that of an animal, [444]
development similar to that of animals, [449]
structure compared with that of the anthropoid apes, [451]
Mania typica refused by lizards, [238]
Mantidae resembling flowers, [212]
Marcgravia nepenthoides fertilised by birds (woodcut), [320]
Marine animals, protective resemblance among, [208]
with warning colours, [266]
Marsh, Mr., on destructiveness to vegetation of goats and camels, [17]
Professor O., on the development of the horse tribe, [386]
on brain development of Tertiary mammals, [391]
on specialised forms dying out, [395]
Marsupials, distribution of, [350]
Mathematical faculty, the origin of the, [464]
how developed, [466]
not developed by law of natural selection, [469]
Mathematics, late development of, [465]
Meldola, Professor R., on variable protective colouring, [196]
on mimicry among British moths, 249 (note)
on an extension of the theory of mimicry, [255] (note)
Melons, variations of, [87]
Methona psidii and Leptalis orise (figs.), [241]
Meyer, Dr. A.B., on mimicry of snakes, [262]
Milne Edwards, on variation of lizards, [46]
Mimicking birds deceive naturalists, [264]
butterfly, figure of, [241]
Mimicry, [239]
how it has been produced, [242]
among protected genera, [249]
extension of, [255]
in various orders of insects, [257]
among vertebrata, [261]
among birds, [263]
objections to theory of, [264]
Mineral particles carried by wind, [363]
Miocene fossils of North America, [378]
Missing links, character of, [380]
Mivart, Dr. St. George, on variation of ribs and dorsal vertebrae, [69]
on supposed useless characters, [138] (note)
on resemblance of man and apes, [451]
Modifications for special purposes, [113]
Mongrels, sterility of, [165]
Monkeys affected by medicines as are men, [450]
Monocotyledons degradations from dicotyledons, [325] (note)
scarcity of, in Rocky Mountains, [401]
scarcity of, in Alpine flora, [401]
Moral nature of man, origin of, [461]
Morse, Professor E.T., on protective colouring of marine mollusca, [209]
Moseley, Professor, on protective resemblance among marine
animals, [208]
on courtship of Great Albatross, [287]
Moths, protected groups of, [235]
Mountains, remote, with identical plants, [369]
Müller, Dr. Fritz, on inhabitants of bromelia leaves, [118]
on butterfly, deceived by its mimic, [245]
his explanation of mimicry among protected genera, [252]
Dr. Hermann, on variability of Myosurus minimus, [78]
Murray, Mr. John, on bulk of land and ocean, [344]
on quartz particles on ocean floor, [363]
Rev. R.P., variation in the neuration of butterflies' wings, [45]
Musical and artistic faculties, origin of, [467]
Myosurns minimus, variability of, [78]
N
Natural selection with changed and unchanged conditions, [103]
and sterility, [173]
overpowers effects of use and disuse, [435]
the most important agency in modifying species, [444]
Naturalist deceived by a mimicking insect, [259]
by mimicking birds, [264]
Naudin, M., on varieties of melons, [87]
Nectarinea amethystina, protective colouring of, [201]
Nestor notabilis, variation of habits of, [75]
Nests of birds influence the colour of females, [278]
New species, conditions favourable to origin of, [115]
Newton, Professor A., on fertile hybrid ducks, [162]
New Zealand, European plants in, [15]
spread of white clover in, [28]
effects of introduced plants in, [29]
native rat and fly exterminated by European species, [34]
many plants of, incapable of self-fertilisation, [321]
fauna of, [348]
few spiny plants in, [433]
Nocturnal animals, colours of, [193]
Non-adaptive characters, instability of, [138]
Normandy pigs, fleshy appendages to jaws of, [139]
North America, Miocene fossils of, [378]
Northern plants in southern hemisphere, [368]
Nostus Borbonicus, variability of, [80]
Number of individuals which vary, [62]
Nutmeg, how dispersed, [307]
Nuts, not meant to be eaten, [305]
O
Oaks, great variability of, [78]
Objections to Darwin's theory, [126]
Ocean floor, deposits on, [343]
Oceanic animals, colours of, [193]
and continental areas, [346]
islands have no mammals or batrachia, [342]
Oceans, the permanence of, [341]
Oedicnemus, figures of wings of, [223]
Opthalmis lincea and Artaxa simulans (figs.), [247]
Orang-utans, variations of skull of, [69]
Orchideae, why scarce on oceanic islands, [367]
Orchis pyramidalis, mode of fertilisation of, [314]
figures illustrating fertilisation of, [315]
Organic development, three stages of, involving new cause or power, [474]
world, the development of, implies a spiritual world, [476]
Organisation, advance of, by natural selection, [120]
degradation in, [121]
Origin of species, objections, [7]
of accessory plumes, [291]
Orioles mimicking honey-suckers, [263]
Ornamental plumes and vitality, [293]
P
Pachyrhynchi subjects of mimicry, [261]
Pampas, effects of drought in, [23]
Papaver bracteatum, variability of, [79]
Papilio, use of forked tentacle of larva of, [210]
protected groups of, [235]
mimicry of, [247]
Paraguay, absence of wild cattle and horses, [19]
Parnassia palustris, sham nectaries of, [317]
Parrot, change of habits of New Zealand, [75]
Parus, species of, illustrate divergence, of character, [107]
Passenger-pigeon, account of its breeding-places and numbers, [31]
Pelagic animals, colours of, [193]
Phasmidae, resemblance of, to sticks and leaves, [203]
Physiological selection, [180]
Pickard-Cambridge, Rev. O., on sexual selection, [296] (note)
Pieridae, sexual diversity among, [271]
Pigeons, varieties of, [89]
domestic, derived from wild rock-pigeons, [90]
curious correlations in, [140]
white eggs of, protective, [213]
Pigs, great increase of, in South America and New Zealand, [28]
Pikermi, extinct animals of, [377]
Pipits as illustrating divergence, [108]
Planorbidae, variations of, [44]
Plants, the enemies of, [16]
variability of, [76]
constitutional variation of, [94]
colour relations of, [302]
true mimicry rare in, [303]
exotic rarely naturalised in Europe, [356]
dispersal of, [361]
northern, in southern hemisphere, [368]
identical on summits of remote mountains, [369]
progressive development of, [397]
geological development of (diagram), [402]
Plovers, recognition marks of (figure), [221]
Plumes, origin of accessory, [291]
muscular relation of ornamental, [292]
Poisonous fruits, [307]
Porto Santo, rabbits of, [326]
Poulton, Mr. E.B., on variable colours of larvae and pupae, [196], [198]
on concealments of insects by resemblance to environment, [202]
on protective form of Notodonta ziczac, [210]
on inedibility of conspicuous larvae, [237]
Pouters, [90]
Primulaceae, variations of structure in, [79]
Problem, the, before Darwin, [6]
Problems in variation and heredity, [410]
Progression in plants and animals, [395]
Protection by terrifying enemies, [209]
Protective colouring, variable, [195]
of white-headed fruit-pigeon, [200]
of African sun-birds, [200]
of Kerivoula picta, [201]
of sloths, [201]
of larva of Sphinx ligustri, [202]
of stick and leaf insects, [203]
of caterpillars, [203], [205]
of butterflies, [206]
Ptilopus cinctus, protective colour of, [200]
Pugnacity of birds with accessory plumes, [294]
R
Rabbit, use of white tail of, [218]
Rapid increase of plants, [28]
Raspail, M., on variability in a grass, [80]
Rat, black, spread of, [34]
Rattlesnake, use of rattle of, [262]
Raven, why black in arctic regions, [191]
Reciprocal crosses, [155]
Recognition marks of herbivora, [218]
of birds, [222]
of tropical forest birds, [224]
of insects, [226]
Reproductive functions, susceptibility of, [153]
Reptiles, geological distribution of, [406]
Rhinoceroses, evidence of evolution afforded by fossil, [383]
Rocks, all stratified formed in shallow water, [344]
Rocky Mountains, scarcity of monocotyledons in, [401]
Rodents, prevent woody vegetation in the pampas, [23]
Romanes, Professor G.J., on useless characters, [131], [139]
on meaningless peculiarities of structure, [140]
on supposed absence of simultaneous variations, [142]
on physiological selection, [180]
Rook and crow, [2]
Roses, Mr. Baker on varieties of, [77]
Rubus, Bentham and Babington on species and varieties of, [77]
Rudiments and variations in man, [446]
Runts, [91]
Rutaceae, variation of structure in, [79]
S
St. Helena, destruction of forests by goats, [17]
St. Hilaire, M. Aug., variability of Gomphia oleaefolia, [79]
Saxicola, divergence of character in species of, [108]
recognition marks of, [222]
Scientific opinion before Darwin, [4]
Scolopax, figures of tails of, [225]
Scudder, Mr. S.H., on inedibility of Danais archippus, [238]
on fossil insects, [403]
Seebohm, Mr., on swamping effects of intercrossing, [143]
Seeds, how dispersed, [306]
how protected, [307]
floating great distances, [361]
dispersal of, by wind, [362]
weight and dimensions of, [364]
importance of wind-carriage of, [372]
remarkable case of wind-carriage of, [373]
Seiurus carolinensis, diagram of variation, [67]
sp., habits of, [117]
Selection, artificial, [84]
by man, circumstances favourable to, [96]
unconscious, [96]
Selective association, isolation by, [171]
Self-fertilisation of flowers, [321]
Semper, Professor, on casting hairs of reptiles and Crustacea, [137] (note)
on direct influence of environment, [426]
Sesiidae, mimicry by, [240]
Sex colour and nests of birds, [277]
Sex, colours characteristic of, [269]
Sexual colours of insects, probable causes of, [273]
of birds, [275]
characters due to natural selection, [283]
diversity the cause of variation, [439]
Sexual selection and colour, [274]
by struggles of males, [282]
neutralised by natural selection, [294]-[296]
restricted to male struggles, [296]
Shetland Islands, variety of ghost-moth in, [270]
Shrews and field-mice, internal variations of, [69]
Shrikes, recognition marks of, [222]
Similarity of forms of life not due to similarity of conditions, [339]
Singing of male birds, use of, [284]
Skull of wolf, diagram of variations of, [70]
of Ursus labiatus, diagram of variations of, [72]
of Sus cristatus, diagram of variations of, [73]
Skunk an illustration of warning colour, [233]
Slack, Baron von, on protective markings of sloths, [201]
Sloth, protective colour and marking of, [201]
Snakes, mimicry of poisonous, [261]
Snipe, tails of two species (figs.), [225]
Sounds and odours peculiar to male,
how useful, [284]
produced by peculiar feathers, [284]
South America, fossil and recent mammals of, [393]
Species, definition of, [1], [2]
origin of, [2], [6]
Lyell on, [4]
Agassiz on, [5]
transmutation of, [6]
Geoffroy St. Hilaire on, [6]
Dean Herbert on, [6]
Professor Grant on, [6]
Von Buch on, [6]
allied, found in distinct areas, [36]
Species, which vary little, [80]
closely allied inhabit distinct areas, [111]
vigour and fertility of, how kept up, [327]
Spencer, Mr. Herbert, on factors of organic evolution, [411]
on effects of disuse, [413]
on difficulty as to co-adaptation of parts, [417]
on direct action of environment, [418]
Sphingidae, protective attitudes of larvae, [210]
Sphinx ligustri, general resemblance of larva to food plant, [202]
Spider, alluring coloration of, [211]
Spines, on origin of, [431]
rarity of, in oceanic islands, [432]
Spiny plants abundant in South Africa and Chile, [433]
Spots a primitive ornamentation of animals, [289]
Sprengel on flowers and insects, [309]
Staphylinidae, protective habit of, [210]
Sterility of mongrels, [165]
correlated with colour, etc., [168]
and natural selection, [173]
of hybrids produced by natural selection, [179]
Struggle for existence, [14]
among plants, [15]
for life, illustrations of, [18]
for existence on the pampas, [22]
for life between closely allied forms most severe, [33]
for existence, ethics of, [36]
how it acts among flowers, [328]
Summary of facts of colouring for protection and recognition, [227]
Survival of the fittest, [11], [122], [123]
Swainson, definition of species, [2]
Swamping effects of intercrossing, [142]
Sweden, destruction of grass by larvae of moths in, [17]
Swinhoe, Mr., on protective colouring of a bat, [201]
Symmetry, bilateral in colours of animals needful for recognition, [217]
T
Tails used as respirators, [136]
Tapirs, distribution of, [352]
Tegetmeier, Mr., on feeding habits of pigeons and fowls, [75]
on sparrows and crocuses, [75]
on curious correlations in pigeons, [140]
Tegumentary appendages and colour, [291]
Thousand-fathom line divides oceanic from continental islands, [347]
the teachings of, [348]
map showing, [349]
Thwaites, Mr., on spread of Lantana mixta in Ceylon, [30]
Tiger, use of stripes of, [199]
Titmice as illustrating divergence, [107]
Transformation of species of crustacea, [427]
Transmutationists, the early, [3]
Travers, Mr. W.L., on effects of introduced plants in New Zealand, [29]
Trees, great variety of, in many forests, [36]
Trimen, Mr., on butterfly deceived by its mimic, [245]
on mimicry, [247]
Tropical animals, why brilliantly coloured, [299]
Tropics, no proof of lower temperature of, [369]
Tropidorhynchi mimicked by orioles, [263]
Trumpeter, [93]
Tumblers, [91]
Turbits and owls, [91]
Tylor, Mr. A., on Coloration in Animals and Plants, [285]
U
Ungulates, origin of feet of, [423]
Use and disuse, effects of, overpowered by natural selection, [435]
Useless characters, [131]
not specific, [132]
Useless specific characters, no proof of existence of, [141]
Utriculariae inhabiting bromelias, [118]
V
Vanessa callirhoe, small variety in Porto Santo, [106]
Variability of the lower animals, [42]
of the Foraminifera, [43]
of sea-anemones, [43]
of land mollusca, [43]
of insects, [44]
of lizards, [46]
of birds, [49]
of primary wing-feathers, [51]
of wings and tail, [53]
of Dolichonyx oryzivorus, [55]
of Agelaeus phoeniceus, [56]
of Cardinalis virginianus, [58]
of tarsus and toes, [60]
of birds in Leyden Museum, [61]
of Sciurus carolinensis, [67]
of skulls of wolf, [70]
of skulls of a bear, [72]
of skulls of Sus cristatus, [73]
of plants, [76]
of oaks, [77]
Variation, Lyell on, [4]
in internal organs, [66]
the facts of, [83]
proofs of generality of, [85]
of vegetables and fruits, [86]
of apples and melons, [87]
under domestication accords with that under nature, [100]
coincident not necessary, [127]
and heredity, problems of, [410]
Professor Geddes's theory of, [428]
the cause of, [439]
Variations of flowers, [88]
of domestic animals, [88]
of domestic pigeons, [89]
conditions favourable to production of, [98]
beneficial, [143]
Varieties, importance of, [41]
of same species adapted to self or to insect-fertilisation, [330]
Vegetables, variation of, [86]
Vegetation and reproduction, antagonism of, [428]
Vertebrata, mimicry among, [261]
geological succession of, [405]
Vestiges of Creation, [3]
Viola odorata, [2]
canina, [2]
Violets, as illustrating species, [2]
Von Buch on species, [6]
W
Wallace, Dr. Alexander, on absence of choice by female moths, [275]
Ward, Mr. Lester F., on progressive development of plants, [398]
Warning coloration, [232]
Warning colours of marine animals, [265]
Wasps and bees, mimicry of, [258]
poisonous with warning colours, [287]
Water-cress, chokes rivers in New Zealand, [24]
driven out by willows, [24]
Water-ouzels, probable origin of, [116]
Weale, Mr. Mansel, on protective colours of butterflies, [206]
Weeds of United States, [15]
Weir, Mr. Jenner, on deceptive resemblance of a caterpillar to
a twig, [204]
on inedibility of conspicuous caterpillars, [236]
on birds disregarding inedible larvae, [254]
Weismann on progressive adaptation of colours of larva, [206]
on non-heredity of acquired characters, [440]
and Galton's theories of heredity almost identical, 443 (note)
on origin of the mathematical faculty, ([note])
Weismann's theory of heredity, [437]
Westwood, Professor, on variation of insects, [44]
deceived by a mimicking cricket, [259]
White coloration of insular birds and butterflies, [230]
Whymper, Mr., his sensations when falling on the Matterhorn, [38]
Willows, species and varieties of British, [77]
Wilson, Alexander, his account of the passenger-pigeon in North
America, [31]
Wind-carriage of seeds explains many facts of plant distribution, [371]
Wind-dispersal of seeds, objections to, [365]
Wind-fertilised degraded from insect-fertilised flowers, [324]
Wings of stone-curlews (figure), [223]
why small but useless are retained, [416]
Wit and humour, origin of faculties of, [472]
Wollaston, Mr. T.W., on variation of beetles, [44]
on small butterfly in Porto Santo, [106]
Wolves, varieties of in Catskill Mountains, [105]
Wood, Mr. J., on muscular variations, [447]
Mr. T.W., on variable colouring of pupae of cabbage butterflies,
[197]
Woodward, Dr. S.P., on variation of mollusca, [43]
Y
Youatt, on breeds of sheep, [97]
Young animals often spotted, [289]
Z
Zebra, markings for recognition and protection, ([note])