Concluding Remarks.—If the view here given of the origin of the remarkable Celebesian fauna is correct, we have in this island a fragment of the great eastern
continent which has preserved to us, perhaps from Miocene times, some remnants of its ancient animal forms. There is no other example on the globe of an island so closely surrounded by other islands on every side, yet preserving such a marked individuality in its forms of life; while, as regards the special features which characterise its insects, it is, so far as yet known, absolutely unique. Unfortunately very little is known of the botany of Celebes, but it seems probable that its plants will to some extent partake of the speciality which so markedly distinguishes its animals; and there is here a rich field for any botanist who is able to penetrate to the forest-clad mountains of its interior.
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XX
The following list of the Land Birds of Celebes and the adjacent islands which partake of its zoological peculiarities, in which are incorporated all the species discovered up to 1890, has been drawn up from the following sources:—
1. A List of the Birds known to inhabit the Island of Celebes, By Arthur, Viscount Walden, F.R.S. (Trans. Zool. Soc. 1872. Vol. viii. pt. ii.)
2. Intorno al Genere Hermotimia. (Rchb.) Nota di Tommaso Salvadori. (Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. Vol x. 1874.)
3. Intorno a due Collezioni di Ucelli di Celebes—Note di Tommaso Salvadori. (Annali del Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova. Vol. vii. 1875.)
4. Beiträge zur Ornithologie von Celebes und Sangir. Von Dr. Friedrich Brüggemann. Bremen, 1876.
5. Intorno a due piccole Collezioni di Ucelli di Isole Sanghir e di Tifore. Nota di Tommaso Salvadori. (Annali del Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova. Vol. ix. 1876-77.)
6. Intorno alle Specie di Nettarinie delle Molucche e del Gruppo di Celebes. Note di Tommaso Salvadori. (Atti della Reale Accad. delle Scienze di Torino. Vol. xii. 1877.)
7. Descrizione di tre Nuove Specie di Ucelli, e note intorno ad altre poco conosciute delle Isole Sanghir. Per Tommaso Salvadori. (L. c. Vol. xiii. 1878.)
8. Field Notes on the Birds of Celebes. By A. B. Meyer, M.D., &c. (Ibis, 1879.)
9. On the Collection of Birds made by Dr. Meyer during his Expedition to New Guinea and some neighbouring Islands. By R. Boulder Sharpe. (Mitth. d. kgl. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1878. Heft 3.) New species from the Sula and Sanghir Islands are described.
10. List of Birds from the Sula Islands (East of Celebes) with Descriptions of the New Species. By Alfred Russel Wallace, F.Z.S. (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 333.)
11. The Zoological Record, and "The Ibis" to 1890.
LIST OF LAND BIRDS OF CELEBES
N.B.—The Species marked with an * are not included in Viscount Walden's list. For these only, an authority is usually given.
| | Celebes | Sula Is. | Sanghir Is. | Range and Remarks |
| Turdidæ. | | | | |
| 1. | Geocichla erythronota | X | | | |
| 2. | Monticola solitaria | X | | X | Phil., China, Japan |
| Sylviidæ. | | | | |
| 3. | Cisticola cursitans | X | | | Assam |
| 4. | ,, grayi | X | | | |
| 5. | Acrocephalus orientalis | X | | | China, Japan |
| *6. | ,, insularis | — | — | X (Salv.) | Moluccas |
| 7. | Pratincola caprata | X | | | Asia, Java, Timor |
| *8. | Gerygone flaveola (Cab.) | X (Meyer) | | | (Near G. sulphurea, Timor) |
| Timaliidæ. | | | | |
| 9. | Trichostoma celebense | X | | | |
| Pycnonotidæ. | | | | |
| *10. | Criniger longirostris (Wall.) | | X | | Oriental genus (near Bouru sp.) |
| 11. | ,, aureus (Wald.) | X | | | |
| Oriolidæ. | | | | |
| 12. | Oriolus celebensis | X | | | (Var of O. coronatus, Java) |
| 13. | ,, formosus (Cab.) | — | — | X (Brugg.) | (Var. of Philipp. sp.) |
| 14. | ,, frontalis (Wall.) | — | X | | |
| Campephagidæ. | | | | |
| 15. | Graucalus atriceps | X | | | Ceram, Flores |
| 16. | ,, leucopygius | X | | | |
| 17. | ,, temminckii | X | X | | |
| 18. | Campephaga morio | X | | | |
| *19. | ,, melanotis | — | X (Wall.) | | Moluccas |
| *20. | ,, salvadorii (Sharpe) | — | — | X | |
| 21. | Lalage leucopygialis | X | | | |
| *22. | ,, dominica | X (Meyer) | — | — | Java |
| 23. | Artamides bicolor | X | | | |
| *24. | ,, schistaceus (Sharpe) | — | X | | |
| Dicruridæ. | | | | |
| 25. | Dicrurus leucops | X | | | |
| *26. | ,, axillaris (Salv.) | — | — | X | |
| *27. | ,, pectoralis (Wall.) | | X | | |
| Muscicapidæ. | | | | |
| 28. | Cyornis rufigula | X | | | |
| 29. | ,, banyumas | X | | | Java and Borneo |
| 30. | Myialestes helianthea | X | | | (Indian ally) |
| 31. | Hypothymis puella | X | X | | |
| 32. | ,, menadensis? | X | | | |
| *33. | Monarcha commutata (Brugg.) | X | | | |
| *34. | ,, cinerascens | — | X (Wall.) | | Moluccas |
| Pachycephalidæ. | | | | |
| 35. | Hylocharis sulfuriventra | X | | | |
| *36. | Pachycephala lineolata (Wall.) | — | X | — | Bouru |
| *37. | Pachycephala rufescens (Wall.) | — | X | — | Bouru |
| *38. | Pachycephala clio (Wall.) | — | X | — | Bouru |
| Laniidæ. | | | | |
| *39. | Lanius magnirostris (Meyer) | X | — | — | Java |
| Corvidæ. | | | | |
| 40. | Corvus enca | X | X var. | | Java |
| *41. | ,, annectens (Brugg.) | X | | | |
| 42. | ,, (Gazzola) typica | X | | | |
| 43. | Streptocitta caledonica | X | | | |
| 44. | ,, torquata | X | | | |
| *45. | (Charitornis) albertiæ (Schl.) | — | X | | |
| Meliphagidæ. | | | | |
| 46. | Myzomela chloroptera | X | | | (Nearest M. sanguinolenta of Australia) |
| Nectariniidæ. | | | | |
| 47. | Anthreptes celebensis (Shelley) | X | X | X | Siam, Malaya |
| 48. | Chalcostethia porphyolæma | X | | | |
| *49. | ,, auriceps | — | X (Wall.) | — | Ternate |
| *50. | ,, sangirensis (Meyer) | — | — | X | |
| 51. | Cyrtostomus frenatus | X | X | — | Moluccas and N. Guinea |
| 52. | Nectarophila grayi | X | | | |
| 53. | Æthopyga flavostriata | X | | | (An Oriental genus) |
| *54. | ,, beccarii (Salv.) | X | | | |
| *55. | ,, duyvenbodei (Schl.) | — | — | X | |
| Dicæidæ. | | | | |
| 56. | Zosterops intermedia | X | | | Lombock |
| 57. | ,, atrifrons | X | | | |
| 58. | Dicæum celebicum | X | X | | |
| *59. | ,, sanghirense (Salv. | — | — | X | |
| *60. | ,, nehrkorni (Blas.) | X | | | |
| 61. | Pachyglossa aureolimbata | X | — | X | |
| Hirundinidæ. | | | | |
| 62. | Hirundo gutturalis | X | | X | Indian region |
| 63. | ,, javanica | X | X | | Indo-Malaya |
| Ploceidæ. | | | | |
| 64. | Munia oryzivora | X | | | Java |
| 65. | ,, nisoria | X | | | Java |
| 66. | ,, molucca | X | | | Moluccas |
| 67. | ,, brunneiceps | X | | | (Near M. rubronigra, India) |
| *68. | ,, jagori | X (Meyer) | | | Philippines |
| Sturnidæ. | | | | |
| 69. | Basilornis celebensis | X | | | |
| 70. | Acridotheres cinereus | X | | | |
| 71. | Sturnia pyrrhogenys | X | | | Malaya |
| 72. | Calornis neglecta | X | X | X var. | |
| *73. | ,, metallica | X (Brugg.) | X (Wall.) | | Moluccas |
| 74. | Enodes crythrophrys | X | | | |
| 75. | Scissirostrum pagei | X | | | |
| Artamidæ. | | | | |
| 76. | Artamus monachus | X | X | | |
| 77. | ,, leucorhynchus | X | | | Malay Archipel. |
| Motacillidæ. | | | | |
| 78. | Corydalla gustavi | X | | | |
| 79. | Budytes viridis | X | | | Java, Moluccas |
| *80. | Calobates melanope
(= Motac. sulfurea, Brugg.) | X | | | China, Phillipp. |
| Pittidæ. | | | | |
| 81. | Pitta forsteni | X | | | |
| *82. | ,, sanghirana (Schl.) | | | X | |
| 83. | ,, celebensis | X | | | |
| *84. | ,, palliceps (Brugg.) | | | X | |
| *85. | ,, cœruleitorques (Salv.) | | | X | |
| *86. | ,, irena (= crassirostris) | | X (Wall.) | | Timor, Ternate? |
| Picidæ. | | | | |
| 87. | Alophonerpes fulvus | X | | | |
| *88. | ,, wallacei | | | | |
| 89. | Yungipicus temminckii | X | | | |
| Cuculidæ. | | | | |
| 90. | Rhamphococcyx calorhynchus | X | | | |
| 91. | Pyrrhocentor celebensis | X | | | |
| 92. | Centropus affinis | X | | | Java |
| 93. | ,, javanensis | X | | | Java, Borneo |
| 94. | Cuculus canorus | X | | | |
| 95. | Cacomantes lanceolatus | X | | | Java |
| 96. | ,, sepulchralis | X | | | |
| 97. | Hierococcyx crassirostris | X | | | |
| 98. | Eudynamis melanorhyncha | X | | | |
| *99. | ,, facialis (Wall.) | | X | | |
| *100. | ,, orientalis | | | X (Brugg.) | Moluccas? |
| 101. | Scythrops novæhollandiæ | X | | | Moluccas, &c. |
| Coraciidæ. | | | | |
| 102. | Coracias temminckii | X | | | |
| 103. | Eurystomus orientalis | X | X | X | Asia |
| Meropidæ. | | | | |
| 104. | Meropogon forsteni | X | | | |
| 105. | Merops philippinus | X | | | Oriental region |
| 106. | ,, ornatus | X | X | | Java, Australia |
| Alcedinidæ. | | | | |
| 107. | Alcedo moluccensis | X | | X | Moluccas |
| 108. | ,, asiatica | X | | | Indo-Malaya |
| 109. | Pelargopsis melanorhyncha | X | X | | |
| *110. | Ceyx wallacei (Sharpe) | | X | | (Allied to Mol. sp.) |
| 111. | Ceycopsis fallax | X | | | |
| 112. | Halcyon chloris | X | X | X | All Archipel. |
| 113. | ,, sancta | X | X | | All Archipel. |
| 114. | ,, forsteni | X | | | |
| 115. | ,, rufa | X | X | | |
| 116. | Monachalcyon princeps | X | | | |
| *117. | ,, cyanocephala (Brugg.) | X | | | |
| 118. | Cittura cyanotis | X | | | |
| *119. | ,, sanghirensis (Schl.) | | | X | |
| Bucerotidæ. | | | | |
| 120. | Hydrocissa exarata | X | | | |
| 121. | Cranorhinus cassidix | X | | | |
| Caprimulgidæ. | | | | |
| 122. | Caprimulgus affinis | X | | | |
| 123. | ,, sp. | X | | | |
| 124. | Lyncornis macropterus. | X | | | |
| Cypselidæ. | | | | |
| 125. | Dendrochelidon wallacei | X | X | | |
| 126. | Collocalia esculenta | X | | | Mol. to Arn Is. |
| 127. | ,, fuciphaga | X | | | India, Java |
| 128. | Chætura gigantea | X | | | India, Java |
| Psittaci. | | | | |
| 129. | Cacatua sulphurea | X | | | Lombock, Flores |
| 130. | Prioniturus platurus | X | | | |
| 131. | ,, flavicans | X | | | |
| *132. | Platycercus dorsalis, var. | | X (Wall.) | | N. Guinea? |
| 133. | Tanygnathus mulleri | X | X | | |
| *134. | ,, megalorhynchus | X | | X | Moluccas. An island near Menado (Meyer) |
| *135. | ,, luzoniensis | | | X (Brugg.) | |
| 136. | Loriculus stigmatus | X | | | |
| *137. | ,, quadricolor (Wald.) | X | | | Togian Is., Gulf of Tomini |
| 138. | ,, sclateri | ? | X | | |
| 139. | ,, exilis | X | | | |
| *140. | ,, catamene (Schl.) | | | X | |
| 141. | Trichoglossus ornatus | X | | | |
| *142. | ,, flavoviridis (Wall.) | | X | | |
| 143. | ,, meyeri | X | | | |
| *144. | Eos histrio = E. coccinea | | | X | |
| Columbæ. | | | | |
| 145. | Treron vernans | X | | | Malacca, Java, Philipp. |
| 146. | ,, griseicauda | X | X | X var.
Sanghirensis | |
| 147. | Ptilopus formosus | X | | | |
| 148. | ,, melanocephalus | X | X | X var.
Xanthorrhoa,
Salv. | Java, Lombock |
| 149. | ,, gularis | X | | | |
| *150. | ,, fischeri (Brugg.) | X | | | |
| 151. | Carpophaga paulina | X | X | | |
| *152. | ,, pulchella (Wald.) | X | | | Togian Is. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hst., 1874.) |
| 153. | ,, concinna | | | X (Salv.) | Ké Goram |
| 154. | ,, rosacea | X | | | Gilolo, Timor |
| *155. | ,, pæcilorrhoa (Brugg) | X | | | |
| 156. | ,, luctuosa | X | X | | |
| *157. | ,, bicolor | X (Meyer) | | X | New Guin., Moluccas |
| 158. | ,, radiata | X | | X | |
| 159. | ,, forsteni | X | | | |
| 160. | Macropygia albicapilla | X | X | | |
| 161. | ,, macassariensis | X | | | |
| *162. | ,, sanghirensis (Salv.) | | | X | |
| 163. | Turacœna menadensis | X | X | | |
| *164. | Reinwardtænas reinwardti | X Meyer | | | Moluccas & New Guin. |
| 165. | Turtur tigrina | X | | | Malaya, Moluccas |
| 166. | Chalcophaps stephani | X | | | New Guinea |
| 167. | ,, indica | X | X var. | X | India and Archipel. |
| 168. | Phlogænas tristigmata | X | | | |
| 169. | Geopelia striata | X | | | China, Java, Lombock |
| 170. | Calænas nicobarica | X | | | Malacca and New Guinea |
| Gallinæ. | | | | |
| 171. | Gallus bankiva | X | | | Java, Timor |
| 172. | Coturnix minima | X | | | (Var. of C. Chinensis) |
| 173. | Turnix rufilatus | X | | | |
| *174. | ,, beccarii (Salv.) | X | | | |
| 175. | Megapodius gilberti | X | | | |
| 176. | Megacephalon malleo | X | | X | |
| Accipitres. | | | | |
| 177. | Circus assimilis | X | | | Australia |
| 178. | Astur griseiceps | X | | | |
| *179. | ,, tenuirostris (Brugg.) | X | | | |
| 180. | ,, rhodogastra | X | | | |
| 181. | ,, trinotata | X | | | |
| 182. | Accipiter sulaensis (Schl.) | X | | | |
| 183. | ,, soloensis | X | | | Malacca & New Guin. |
| 184. | Neopus malayensis | X | | | Nepaul, Sum., Java, Moluccas |
| 185. | Spizaetus lanceolatus | X | X | | |
| 186. | Haliactus leucogaster | X | | | Oriental region |
| 187. | Spilornis rufipectus | X | X | | |
| 188. | Butastur liventer | X | | | Java, Timor |
| 189. | ,, indicus | X | | X | India, Java |
| 190. | Haliastur leucosternus | X | | | Moluccas, New Guin. |
| 191. | Milvus affinis | X | | | Australia |
| 192. | Elanus hypoleucus | X | | | ? Java, Borneo |
| 193. | Pernis ptilorhyncha (var. celebensis) | X | | | (Var. Java, &c.) |
| 194. | Baza erythrothorax | X | X | | |
| 195. | Falco severus | X | | | All Archipel. |
| 196. | Cerchneis moluccensis | X | | | Java, Moluccas |
| 197. | Polioaetus humilis | X | | | India, Malaya |
| Strigidæ. | | | | |
| 198. | Athene punctulata | X | | | |
| 199. | ,, ochracea | X | | | |
| 200. | Scops magicus | X | | | Amboyna, &c.? |
| 201. | ,, menadensis | X | | | Flores, Madagascar |
| 202. | Ninox japonicus | X | | | China, Japan |
| *203. | ,, scutulata | | | X (Salv.) | Malacca |
| 204. | Strix rosenbergi | X | | | |