Mammalia.—The following is the list of the mammalia of Celebes as far as at present known, though many small species may yet be discovered.

1. Cynopithecus nigrescens.7. Barbirusa alfurus.
2. Tarsius spectrum.8. Sciurus (5 peculiar sp.)
3. Viverra tangalunga.9. Mus (2 peculiar sp.)
4. Cervus hippelaphus.10. Cuscus (2 peculiar sp.)
5. Anoa depressicornis.Also 7 species of bats, of
which 5 are peculiar.
6. Sus celebensis.

The first—a large black ape—is itself an anomaly, since it is not closely allied to any other form of quadrumana. Its flat projecting muzzle, large superciliary crests and maxillary ridges, with the form and appearance of its teeth, separate it altogether from the genus Macacus, as represented in the Indo-Malay islands, and ally it closely to the baboons of Africa.[[15]] We have already seen reason to suppose that it has been carried to Batchian, and there is some doubt about the allied species or variety (C. niger) of the Philippines being really indigenous there; in which case this interesting form will remain absolutely confined to Celebes. (2.) The tarsier is a truly Malayan species, but it is said to occur in a small island at the northern extremity of Celebes and on some of the Philippine Islands. It might possibly have been introduced there. (3) and (4)—a civet and a deer—are, almost certainly, as in the Moluccas, introduced species. (5.) Anoa depressicornis. This is one of the peculiar Celebesian types; a small straight-horned wild-bull, anatomically allied to the buffaloes, and somewhat resembling the bovine antelopes of Africa, but having no near allies in the Oriental region. (6.) Sus Celebensis; a peculiar species of wild-pig. (7.) Babirusa alfurus; another remarkable type, having no near allies. It differs in its dentition from the typical Suidæ, and seems to approach the African Phacochœridæ, The manner in which the canines of the upper jaw are reversed, and grow directly upwards in a spiral curve over the eyes, is unique among mammalia. (8.) Five squirrels inhabit Celebes, and all are peculiar species. (9.) These are forest rats of the sub-genus Gymnomys, allied to Australian species. 10. Cuscus. This typical Australian form is represented in Celebes by two peculiar species.

Leaving out the Indo-Malay species, which may probably have been introduced by man, and are at all events comparatively recent immigrants, and the wild pig, a genus which ranges over the whole archipelago and which has therefore little significance, we find two genera which have come from the Australian side,—Cuscus and Mus; and four from the Oriental side,—Cynopithecus, Anoa, Babirusa, and Sciurus. But Sciurus alone corresponds to Cuscus, as a genus still inhabiting the adjacent islands; the other three being not only peculiar to Celebes, but incapable of being affiliated to any specially Oriental group. We seem, then, to have indications of two distinct periods; one very ancient, when the ancestors of the three peculiar genera roamed over some unknown continent of which Celebes formed, perhaps, an outlying portion;—another more recent, when from one side there entered Sciurus, and from the other Cuscus. But we must remember that the Moluccas to the east, possess scarcely any indigenous mammals except Cuscus; whereas Borneo and Java on the west, have nearly 50 distinct genera. It is evident then, that the facilities for immigration must have been much less with the Oriental than with the Australian region, and we may be pretty certain that at this later period there was no land connection with the Indo-Malay islands, or some other animals than squirrels would certainly have entered. Let us now see what light is thrown upon the subject by the birds.

Birds.—The total number of birds known to inhabit Celebes is 205, belonging to about 150 genera. We may leave out of consideration the wading and aquatic birds, most of which are wide-ranging species. There remain 123 genera and 152 species of land-birds, of which 9 genera and 66 species are absolutely confined to the island, while 20 more are found also in the Sula or Sanguir Islands, so that we may take 86 to be the number of peculiar Celebes species. Lord Walden, from whose excellent paper on the birds of Celebes (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. p. 23) most of these figures are obtained, estimates, that of the species which are not peculiar to Celebes, 55 are of Oriental and 22 of Australian origin, the remainder being common to both regions. This shows a preponderant recent immigration from the West and North, which is not to be wondered at when we look at the long coast line of Java, Borneo, and the Philippine islands, with an abundant and varied bird population, on the one side, and the small scattered islands of the Moluccas, with a comparatively scanty bird-fauna, on the other.

But, adopting the method here usually followed, let us look at the relations of the genera found in Celebes, omitting for the present those which are peculiar to it. I divide these genera into two series:—those which are found in Borneo or Java but not in the Moluccas, and those which inhabit the Moluccas and not Borneo or Java; these being the respective sources from which, primâ facie, the species of these genera must have been derived. Genera which range widely into both these districts are rejected, as teaching us nothing of the origin of the Celebesian fauna. In a few cases, sub-genera which show a decided eastern or western origin, are given.

Genera derived from Borneo and Java.
1. Geocichla.9. Nectarophila.17. Hydrocissa.
2. Pratincola (sp.)10. Anthreptes (sp.)18. Cranorrhinus.
3. Trichastoma.11. Munia (sp.)19. Lyncornis.
4. Oriolus (sp.)12. Acridotheres.20. Treron (sp.)
5. Cyornis.13. Yungipicus.21. Gallus (sp.)
6. Hypothymis.14. Mulleripicus.22. Spilornis.
7. Hylocharis.15. Rhamphococcyx.23. Butastur.
8. Æthopyga.16. Hierococcyx.24. Pernis.
Genera derived from the Moluccas or Timor.
1. Graucalus (sp.)6. Tanygnathus.11. Myristicivora (s. g.)
2. Chalcostetha.7. Trichoglossus.12. Ducula (s. g.)
3. Myzomela.8. Scythrops (sp.)13. Zonœnas (s. g.)
4. Munia (sp.)9. Turacœna.14. Lamproteron (s. g.)
5. Cacatua (sp.)10. Reinwardtœnas (sp.)15. Megapodius.

These tables show a decided preponderance of Oriental over Australian forms. But we must remember that the immediately adjacent lands from whence the supply was derived, is very much richer in the one case than in the other. The 24 genera derived from Borneo and Java are only about one fourth of the characteristic genera of those islands; while the 15 Moluccan and Timorese genera are fully one third of their characteristic types. The proportion derived from the Australian, is greater than that derived from the Oriental side.

We shall exhibit this perhaps more clearly, by giving a list of the important groups of each set of islands which are absent from Celebes.

Important Families of Java and Borneo
absent from Celebes.		Important Families of the Moluccas
absent from Celebes.
1. Eurylæmidæ.5. Laniidæ.1. Meliphagidæ.
2. Timaliidæ.6. Megalæmidæ.
3. Phyllornithidæ.7. Trogonidæ.
4. Pycnonotidæ8. Phasianidæ.