CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

PART I.
THE PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL PHENOMENA OF DISTRIBUTION.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
CHAPTER II.
THE MEANS OF DISPERSAL AND THE MIGRATIONS OF ANIMALS.
Means of Dispersal of Mammalia (p. [10])—Climate as a Limit to the Range of Mammals (p. [11])—Valleys and Rivers as Barriers to Mammals (p. [12])—Arms of the Sea as Barriers to Mammals (p. [13])—Ice-floes and drift-wood as aiding the Dispersal of Mammals (p. [14])—Means of Dispersal of Birds (p. [15])—Dispersal of Birds by Winds (p. [16])—Barriers to the Dispersal of Birds (p. [17])—The Phenomena of Migration (p. [18])—Migrations of Birds (p. [19])—General remarks on Migration (p. [25])—Means of Dispersal of Reptiles and Amphibia (p. [28])—Means of Dispersal of Fishes (p. [29])—Means of Dispersal of Mollusca (p. [30])—Means of Dispersal of Insects and the Barriers which limit their Range (p. [32])[10]-[34]
CHAPTER III.
DISTRIBUTION AS AFFECTED BY THE CONDITIONS AND CHANGES OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
Land and Water (p. [35])—Continental Areas (p. [36])—Recent Changes in the Continental Areas (p. [38])—The Glacial Epoch as affecting the Distribution of Animals (p. [40])—Changes of Vegetation as affecting the Distribution of Animals (p. [43])—Organic Changes as affecting Distribution (p. [44])[35]-[49]
CHAPTER IV.
ON ZOOLOGICAL REGIONS.
Principles upon which Zoological Regions should be formed (p. [53])—Which class of Animals is of most importance in determining Zoological Regions (p. [56])—Various Zoological Regions proposed since 1857 (p. [58])—Discussion of proposed Regions (p. [61])—Reasons for adopting the Six Regions first proposed by Mr. Sclater (p. [63])—Objections to the system of Circumpolar Zones (p. [67])—Does the Arctic Fauna characterise an independent Region (p. [68])—Palæarctic Region (p. [71])—Ethiopian Region (p. [73])—Oriental Region (p. [75])—Australian Region (p. [77])—Neotropical Region (p. [78])—Nearctic Region (p. [79])—Observations on the series of Sub-regions (p. [80])[50]-[82]
CHAPTER V.
CLASSIFICATION AS AFFECTING THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
Classification of the Mammalia (p. [85])—Classification of Birds (p. [92])—Classification of Reptiles (p. [98])—Classification of Amphibia (p. [100])—Classification of Fishes (p. [101])—Classification of Insects (p. [102])—Classification of Mollusca (p. [104])[83]-[104]
PART II.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCT ANIMALS.
CHAPTER VI.
THE EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD.
Historic and Post-pliocene Period (p. [110])—Pliocene Period (p. [112])—General Conclusions as to the Pliocene and Post-pliocene Faunas of Europe (p. [113])—Miocene Period (p. [114])—Extinct Animals of Greece (p. [115])—Miocene Fauna of Central and Western Europe (p. [117])—Upper Miocene Deposits of India (p. [121])—General Observations on the Miocene Faunas of Europe and Asia (p. [123])—Eocene Period (p. [124])—General Considerations on the Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Europe (p. [126])[83]-[104]

CHAPTER VII.

EXTINCT MAMMALIA OF THE NEW WORLD.
North America—Post-pliocene Period (p. [129])—Remarks on the Post-pliocene Fauna of North America (p. [130])—Tertiary Period (p. [132])—Primates (p. [132])—Insectivora (p. [133])—Carnivora (p. [134])—Ungulata (p. [135])—Proboscidea (p. [138])—Tillodontia (p. [139])—Rodentia (p. [140])—General Relations of the Extinct Tertiary Mammalia of North America and Europe (p. [140])—South America (p. [143])—Fauna of the Brazilian Caves (p. [143])—Pliocene Period of Temperate South America (p. [146])—Pliocene Mammalia of the Antilles (p. [148])—Eocene Fauna of South America (p. [148])—General Remarks on the Extinct Mammalian Fauna of the Old and New Worlds (p. [148])—The Birth-place and Migrations of some Mammalian Families and Genera (p. [153])[129]-[156]
CHAPTER VIII.
VARIOUS EXTINCT ANIMALS;—AND ON THE ANTIQUITY OF THE GENERA OF INSECTS AND LAND-MOLLUSCA.
Extinct Mammalia of Australia (p. [157])—Mammalian Remains of the Secondary Formations (p. [159])—Extinct Birds (p. [160])—Palæarctic Region and North India (p. [161])—North America (p. [163])—South America, Madagascar, New Zealand (p. [164])—Extinct Tertiary Reptiles (p. [165])—Antiquity of the Genera of Insects (p. [166])—Antiquity of the Genera of Land and Fresh-water Shells (p. [168])[157]-[170]
PART III.
ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY: A REVIEW OF THE CHIEF FORMS OF LIFE IN THE SEVERAL REGIONS AND SUB-REGIONS, WITH THE INDICATIONS THEY AFFORD OF GEOGRAPHICAL MUTATIONS.
CHAPTER IX.
THE ORDER OF SUCCESSION OF THE REGIONS.—COSMOPOLITAN GROUPS OF ANIMALS.—TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.
Order of succession of the Regions (p. [173])—Cosmopolitan Groups (p. [175])—Tables of Distributions of Families and Genera (p. [177])[173]-[179]

CHAPTER X.

THE PALÆARCTIC REGION.
Zoological Characteristics of the Palæarctic Region (p. [181])—Summary of Palæarctic Vertebrata (p. [186])—Insects (p. [187])—Land-shells (p. [190])—The Palæarctic Sub-regions (p. [190])—Central and Northern Europe (p. [191])—North European Islands (p. [197])—Mediterranean Sub-region (p. [199])—The Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands (p. [206])—The Siberian Sub-region, or Northern Asia (p. [216])—Japan and North China, or the Manchurian Sub-region (p. [220])—Birds (p. [223])—Insects (p. [227])—Remarks on the General Character of the Fauna of Japan (p. [230])—General Conclusions as to the Fauna of the Palæarctic Region (p. [231])—Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Palæarctic Region (p. [234])—Table II. List of the Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds of the Palæarctic Region (p. [239])[181]-[250]
CHAPTER XI.
THE ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Zoological Characteristics of the Ethiopian Region (p. [252])—Summary of Ethiopian Vertebrates (p. [255])—The Ethiopian Sub-regions (p. [258])—The East African Sub-region, or Central and East Africa (p. [258])—The West African Sub-region (p. [262])—Islands of the West African Sub-region (p. [265])—South African Sub-region (p. [266])—Atlantic Islands of the Ethiopian Region;—St. Helena (p. [269])—Tristan d'Acunha (p. [271])—Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, or the Malagasy Sub-region (p. [272])—The Mascarene Islands (p. [280])—Extinct Fauna of the Mascarene Islands and Madagascar (p. [282])—General Remarks on the Insect Fauna of Madagascar (p. [284])—On the probable Past History of the Ethiopian Region (p. [285])—Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Ethiopian Region (p. [294])—Table II. List of Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds of the Ethiopian Region (p. [300])[251]-[313]
CHAPTER XII.
THE ORIENTAL REGION.
Zoological Characteristics of the Oriental Region (p. [315])—Summary of Oriental Vertebrata (p. [318])—The Oriental Sub-regions (p. [321])—Hindostan, or Indian Sub-region (p. [321])—Range of the Genera of Mammalia which inhabit the Sub-region of Hindostan (p. [322])—Oriental, Palæarctic, and Ethiopian Genera of Birds in Central India (p. [224])—Sub-region of Ceylon and South India (p. [326])—The Past History of Ceylon and South India, as indicated by its Fauna (p. [328])—Himalayan or Indo-Chinese Sub-region (p. [329])—Islands of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region (p. [333])—Indo-Malaya, or the Malayan Sub-region (p. [334])—Malayan Insects (p. [341])—The Zoological Relations of the several Islands of the Indo-Malay Sub-region (p. [345])—Philippine Islands (p. [345])—Java (p. [349])—Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo (p. [353])—Probable recent Geographical Changes in the Indo-Malay Islands (p. [357])—Probable Origin of the Malayan Fauna (p. [359])—Concluding Remarks on the Oriental Region (p. [362])—Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Oriental Region (p. [365])—Table II. Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds in the Oriental Region (p. [371])[314]-[386]
CHAPTER XIII.
THE AUSTRALIAN REGION.
General Zoological Characteristics of the Australian Region (p. [390])—Summary of the Australian Vertebrata (p. [397])—Supposed Land-connection between Australia and South America (p. [398])—Insects (p. [403])—Land-shells (p. [407])—Australian Sub-regions (p. [408])—Austro-Malayan Sub-region (p. [409])—Papua, or the New Guinea Group (p. [409])—The Moluccas (p. [417])—Insects—Peculiarities of the Moluccan Fauna (p. [420])—Timor Group (p. [422])—Celebes Group (p. [426])—Origin of the Fauna of Celebes (p. [436])—Australia and Tasmania, or the Australian Sub-region (p. [438])—The Pacific Islands, or Polynesian Sub-region (p. [442])—Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands (p. [443])—Society and Marquesas Islands (p. [443])—Ladrone and Caroline Islands (p. [444])—New Caledonia and the New Hebrides (p. [444])—Sandwich Islands (p. [445])—Reptiles of the Polynesian Sub-region (p. [448])—New Zealand Sub-region (p. [449])—Islets of the New Zealand Sub-region (p. [453])—Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fresh-water Fishes (p. [456])—Insects (p. [457])—The Ancient Fauna of New Zealand (p. [459])—The Origin of the New Zealand Fauna (p. [459])—Causes of the Poverty of Insect-life in New Zealand: its Influence on the Character of the Flora (p. [462])—Concluding Remarks on the Early History of the Australian Region (p. [464])—Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Australian Region (p. [468])—Table II. Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds of the Australian Region (p. [473])[387]-[485]
Index to Vol. I[489]-[503]

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. I.

1.Map of the World, showing the Zoo-Geographical Regions and the
contour of the Ocean-bed		Frontispiece
To face page
2.Map of the Palæarctic Region[181]
3.PlateI.The Alps of Central Europe with Characteristic Animals[195]
4.PlateII.Characteristic Mammalia of Western Tartary[218]
5.PlateIII.Characteristic Animals of North China[226]
6.Map of the Ethiopian Region[251]
7.PlateIV.Characteristic Animals of East Africa[261]
8.PlateV.Scene in West Africa with Characteristic Animals[264]
9.PlateVI.Scene in Madagascar with Characteristic Animals[278]
10.Map of the Oriental Region[315]
11.PlateVII.Scene in Nepaul with Characteristic Animals[331]
12.PlateVIII.A Forest in Borneo with Characteristic Mammalia[337]
13.PlateIX.A Malacca Forest with some of its Peculiar Birds[340]
14.Map of the Australian Region[387]
15.PlateX.Scene in New Guinea with Characteristic Animals[415]
16.PlateXI.The Characteristic Mammalia of Tasmania[439]
17.PlateXII.The Plains of New South Wales with Characteristic Animals[442]
18.PlateXIII.Scene in New Zealand with some of its Remarkable Birds[455]

ERRATA IN VOL. I.

I have detected several misprints and small errors in the final impression, and Dr. Meyer, who has translated the work into German, has kindly communicated all that he has noticed. It is not thought necessary to give here all the smaller orthographical errors, most of which will be corrected in the Index. The following seem, however, to be of sufficient importance to justify me in asking my readers to correct them in their copies.

Page [93], 12 lines from foot, for Hocco read Hoazin.
" [97], line 2, for Hocco read Hoazin.
"[147], 13 lines from foot, for three-handed read three-banded.
"[177], line 6, for Lycænidæ read Zygænidæ.
"[183], line 20, for third read fourth.
"[238], line 18, for Spirigidea read Sphingidea.
"[242], insert | 92a | Tamias | 1 | All Northern Asia | N. America.
"[245], last line, insert in 2nd column (6).
"[309], line 20, for Motacilla read Budytes.
"[327], 12 lines from foot, after Hindostan read and.
"[331], last line, for Icthyopsis read Icthyophis.
"[340], line 15, for Edolius read Bhringa.
"[348], line 17, for Flores read New Guinea.
"[371], 11 lines from foot, for and Borneo read Borneo and Philippines.
"[391], 10 lines from foot, after Celebes add and the Papuan Islands.
"[391], 9 lines from foot, omit New Guinea or.
"[414], 6 lines from foot,forEpimachusreadSeleucides.
"[415], line 10fordittoreadditto.
"[427], line 20, after Celebes add and on some of the Philippine Islands.
"[427], 5 lines from foot, for tusks read jaw.
"[462], 15 lines from foot, for p. 156 read p. 166.
"[474], 9 lines from foot, after Celebes add Papua.

THE

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF ANIMALS.

PART I.