A Short History of Monks and Monasteries

by Alfred Wesley Wishart

Monasticism, Eastern, origin of, [17], [29]; philosophy and, [18]; Christian, [29]; the Scriptures and, [30]; in Egypt, [33]; virtual founder of, [42]; under Pachomius, [58], [63]; under Basil, [63]; character of, in Greek church, [67]; perplexing character of, [69]. See [Jerome], [Basil] and [Athanasius.]

Monasticism, Western, [71]; introduction in Rome, [71]; effect upon Rome, [80]; women and, [96], [106]; Gregory the Great and, [160]; in England, [162]; spread of, [115]; in Germany, [122]; in Spain, [122]; in early Britain, [123], [168]; disorders and oppositions, [124]; enemies of, [127]; its eclipse, [130]; code of, [139]; reforms of, and military types, [173], [197]; decline of, in the Middle Ages, [173], [179]; Benedict of Aniane tries to reform, [176]; in England, in Middle Ages, [180]; failure of reforms, [196], [207]; its moral dualism, [205]; its recuperative power, [205]; in the thirteenth century, [206]; new features of, [244]; popes demand reforms in, [286]; attacked by governments, [287]; Hill on fall of, in England, [345]; a fetter on progress, [347]; alms-giving and, [348]; age of, compared to modern times, [351].

Monasticism, Causes and Ideals of, [354]; causative motives, [355]; the desire for salvation, [356]; quotations on the ideal, [129], [173], [174], [357], [358], [360]; nothing gained by return to ideal, [352]; motive for endowments, [361]; the love of solitude, [362]; various motives, [364]; beliefs affecting the causative motives, [365]; Gnostic teachings, [366]; effect of the social condition of Roman Empire, [367]; the flight from the world, [368]; causes of variations in types, [371]; East and West compared, [371]; effect of political changes, [372]; the Crusades, [373]; effect of feudalism, [373]; effect of the intellectual awakening, [374]; the Modern Age and the Jesuits, [374]; the fundamental vows, [375].

Monasticism, Effects of, [386]; the good and evil of, [387]; variety of opinions respecting, [387]; the diversity of facts, [389]; elements of truth and worth, [390]; effects of self-sacrifice, [390], of solitude, [393]; the monks as missionaries, [398]; civic duties, [399]; upon civilization, [401]; upon agriculture, [403]; upon secular learning, [405]; the charity of monks, [410]; upon religion, [412], [413]; the sense of sin, [414]; the atonement for sin, [417]; the distinction between the secular and the religious, [418]; monasticism and Christianity, [420]; old monastic methods forsaken, [421]; summary of effects, [423].

Monastic Orders, the usual history of, [174]. See [Benedict], Order of St., [Franciscans], etc.

Monks, not peculiar to Christianity, [17]; Jerome on habits of, [36]; in Egypt, [44]; Pachomian, [58]; number of Eastern, [63]; under Basil, [63]; character of Eastern, [67], [69]; as theological fighters, [68]; Hypatia and the, [68]; in the desert of Chalcis, [87]; in early Rome, [96]; motives of early, [106], [128]; of Augustine, [118]; under Martin of Tours, [120]; opposition to Roman, [125], [147]; disorders among the early, [128], [150]; literary services of, [151], [153], [167], [169], [248], [253], [405], [406]; agricultural services of, [155], [192], [403]; wild animals and the, [156]; early British, [162], [168]; influence of the, in England, [166]; the barbarians and the, [148], [171], [398]; military, [173], [197]; corruptions of, [124], [173], [175], [179], [196], [206], [336]; the celibacy of, [183]; changes in the character of, [284]; rebel against Henry VIII., [296]; as obstacles to progress, [300], [343]; required to take the Oath of Supremacy, [301]; pious frauds of, in England, [318]; receive pensions, [320]; oppose reforms in England, [344]; privileges and powers of the, affected by the suppression, [347]; charity of the, [348], [410], [411]; objects of the, [360]; once held in high esteem, [361]; their flight from Rome, [368]; diversity of opinions respecting the, [388]; effect of austerities on the, [390]; effect of solitude on the, [393]; deficiencies in the best, [394]; as missionaries, [398]; civic duties and the, [399]; military quarrels incited by the, [401]; enthusiasm for religion kept alive by the, [413]; their sense of sin, exaggeration in their views and methods, [413]; their doctrine of hell, [417]; the doctrine of the cross and the, [418]. See [Mendicants], [Benedict], Order of St., etc.

Montaigne, on the temptations of solitude, [393].

Montalembert, on Eastern monachism, [67]; on Benedict, [130]; on the ruin of French cloisters, [351]; on the attractions of solitude, [364]; on the value of the monks, [388], [406].

Montanists, The, and asceticism, [27].

Monte Cassino, Monastery at, Montalembert on, [134]; sketch of its history, [134].