shades of opinion united by a common reference to Kant's first Critique, dissociated from its concessions to deism, as the true starting-point of modern thought.
The Latest Developments.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century the interest in philosophy and the ability devoted to its cultivation have shown no sign of diminution. Two new doctrines in particular have become subjects of world-wide discussion. I refer to the theory of knowledge called Pragmatism, and to the metaphysics of Professor Henri Bergson. Both are of so revolutionary, so contentious, and so elusive a character as to preclude any discussion or even outline of the new solutions for old problems which they claim to provide. But I would recommend the study of both, and especially of Bergson, to all who imagine that the possibilities of speculation are exhausted, or that we are any nearer finality and agreement than when Heracleitus first glorified war as the father of all things, and contradiction as the central spring of life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kuno Fischer. Geschichte der neuern Philosophie. Nine vols. Fourth ed.; Heidelberg, 1897-1904. (Comes down to Schopenhauer.)
Erdmann. Geschichte der Philosophie. Vol. ii. Fourth ed.; Berlin, 1896. (Comes down to Lotze; third ed.; trans. by W. S. Hough; London, 1889.)
Windelband. Geschichte der neuern Philosophie. Two vols. Fifth ed. (Comes down to Herbart and Beneke. There is an English trans. of Windelband's General History of Philosophy, by J. H. Tufts, New York, 1893. In his contribution to the General History of Philosophy in the Kultur der Gegenwart, Berlin, 1909, Windelband includes a brief but useful summary of Pragmatism and Bergson.)
Levy-Bruhl. History of Modern Philosophy in France. Trans. by Miss Coblence. London, 1890.