Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century

by Alice Clark

Individual entries in the Index often have references to other topics in the index (e.g. “see Apprentice;”). If a term is referenced by See but there is no entry in the index for that term, then the link will direct you here.

• Agriculture, [9], [42]-[92] passim, [93], [150], [292];seq.,
  • see [Apprentice], [Capitalism], [Dairy], [Farmer], [Husbandman], [Labourer], [Pig-keeping], [Poultry-keeping], [Spinning], [Wages], [Wage-earner], [Wife], [Yeoman];
  • conditions for rearing children, [43], [92].
• Alehouse, [91] seq., [101], [225], [229], [231]-[233] passim;
  • see [Brewing], [Inn-keeper];
  • livelihood for widows and infirm people, [230]-[232].
• Alewife, [222], [232];
  • see [Brewing].
• Apothecaries, [184], [259]-[263] passim;
  • see [Doctor], [Gilds].
• Apprentice, [6], [26], [112], [144], [156], [185], [195], [211], [213], [293];
  • agriculture, [59];
  • Gild trades, boys, [163], [165] seq., [177], [185], [187], [260], girls, [10], [150], [166], [175] seq., [185], [195], [261], [298];
  • other trades, boys, [159], [185], [214], [226], [261], girls, [151], [194], [217], [220], [293];
  • retail trades, [200] seq.;
  • silk trade, [138], [141] seq.;
  • weavers, [104] seq., [122];
  • duties of apprentices, [5], [157];
  • restriction of numbers, [10], [156], [188], [298];
  • apprentices of women, [162], [168] seq., [173], [179], [194], [220];
  • of widows, [104], [162], [168] seq., [173] seq., [183], [187] seq., [190], [293].
• Apprenticeship, [146], [151], [156], [160] seq., [165], [177], [184], [191], [194], [196], [200] seq., [212]-[214] passim, [234], [261], [269] seq., [298], [301].
• Apprentice Trade, [106].
• Aristocracy,
  • see [Capitalist];
  • character of women, [38]-[41], [253], [289], [296] seq., [305] seq.;
  • confinements, [267] seq.;
  • occupations, [14]-[27], [35], [38], [53] seq., [253], [255] seq.
• Armourers and Brasiers, [178], [183] seq.
  • See [Gilds].
• Assheton, Nicholas, [280].
• Astell, Mary, [38].
• Assize, of beer, [224];
  • of bread, [211].
• Badger, [204] seq.
• Baillie, Lady Grisell, [16], [68], [229].
• Bakers, [8], [92], [202], [208]-[215] passim;
  • corporations of, [212] seq.;
  • restrictions on, [210], [211], [215];
  • women bake for domestic purposes, [47], [50], [210], [214];
  • for sale, [30], [213], [214];
  • wife assists husband, [211] seq., [215].
• Baptist, [240].
• Barber-surgeons, [259]-[263] passim, [265], [276], [284];
  • see [Gilds].
• Barrymore, Lady, [14].
• Bedell, Mrs. Eliz., [256].
• Best, [60]-[62] passim, [78].
• Beverley, [180], [183], [211], [221] seq.
• Binder, [161], [167].
• Birth-rate, [4], [43], [86] seq., [305].
• Bleacher, [129], [145].
• Bookseller, [161], [168].
• Bourgeois, Mme. Louise, [275], [284].
• Borough, [209];
  • see [Corporations].
• Brathwaite, Richard, [29], [53].
• Brewing, [8], [11], [209], [221]-[233] passim;
  • see [Alehouse], [Alewife], [Apprentices], [Capitalism], [Domestic], [Gilds];
  • Brewster [11], [155], [221] seq., [229];
  • Common Brewers, [223]-[227] passim, [230];
  • Fellowship of, [223]-[226];
  • for domestic purposes, [5], [8], [47], [50], [210], [223];
  • for retail, [210], [222]-[230];
  • for wages, [229] seq.
• Bristol, [103], [134], [182], [185], [191], [232].
• Burford, Rose de, [140].
• Burling, [105] seq., [132], [145].
• Bury, [222].
• Bury St. Edmunds, [227].
• Business affairs of family, [41];
  • see [Family];
  • managed by wife, [16], [21] seq., [54] seq.;
  • superior capacity of Dutch women, [36]-[38] passim;
  • wife unequal to, [20], [22] seq.;
  • women’s capacity for, [20], [34], [38] seq.
• Butcher, [155], [202], [209] seq., [216]-[219] passim, [221];
  • see [Apprentices];
  • selling wool, [107];
  • wage-earners, [219].
• Buttons, [142], [144].
• Butter, [8], [49];
  • see [Dairy].
• Cane-chair bottoming, [195].
• Capitalism, [6], [300], [308];
  • see [Capitalistic Organisation], [Family Industry], [Gilds], [Industrialism], [Linen-manufacture], [Silk], [Textile Trades], [Woollen];
  • definition of, [7];
  • demand for labour, [90] seq.;
  • effect on Domestic Industry, [8], [11], [94];
  • effect on Family Industry, [8], [10], [11], [94], [142], [156], [165], [196], [297];
  • effect on Marital Relations, [40] seq., [158], [167], [197], [235], [296], [299], [301] seq.;
  • effect on Motherhood, [8] seq., [11] seq., [306];
  • effect on Social Organisation, [8] seq., [40], [148], [300], [306] seq.;
  • effect on women’s economic position, [8] seq., [10], [92], [94], [96], [98], [145] seq., [165], [167], [196], [235], [295]-[299] passim, [301], [302], [307];
  • effect on women’s morale and physique, [41];
  • in agriculture, [43], [56], [92];
  • in brewing, [11], [226], [230];
  • in Crafts and Trades, [156], [158], [165], [196].
• Capitalists,
  • see [Aristocracy];
  • Definition of, [14];
  • idleness of wives and daughters, [10], [38], [41], [50], [235], [296]-[298] passim, [305];
  • women’s activity as Capitalists, [14]-[41] passim.
• Capitalistic organisation, [13], [94], [146], [196], [236];
  • see [Capitalism], [Industrialism].
• Carding, employment for poor, [116], [132];
  • men, [102], [116];
  • women, [99], [108], [120] seq., [141].
• Card maker, [190].
• Carlisle, [44], [53], [153], [201], [203], [211], [215].
• Carpenter, [170]-[178] passim, [187], [195];
  • see [Companies].
• Carrier of letters, [63].
• Cellier, Mrs., [195], [269], [273]-[276] passim.
• Chamberlain, Dr. Hugh, [281], [283].
• Chamberlain, Peter, [272] seq.
• Chandler, wax and tallow, [155], [195], [200], [202].
• Chapmen, [109], [155], [206].
• Cheese, [8], [49], [53], [208].
• Chester, [155], [181], [211], [217], [232].
• Child, Sir J., [36].
• Child’s coate seller, [176].
• Children, [22], [45], [88], [147] seq., [192]-[194] passim, [196], [256];
  • see [Agriculture], [Apprentice], [Capitalism], [Cost of Living], [Education], [Family], [Father], [Housing], [Husband], [Infant Mortality], [Mother], [Nursing], [Poor], [Settlement], [Wages], [Wage-earners], [Widow], [Wife];
  • attending gild dinners, [180];
  • employment in agriculture, [59] seq., [64];
  • in textile manufacture, [9], [97] seq., [106], [108], [112]-[114] passim, [125], [130]-[134] passim, [140]-[144] passim, [292];
  • reduce women’s wage-earning capacity, [68] seq., [92], [136], [147];
  • right to work in father’s trade, [156], [165] seq., [185];
  • share in family property, [7], [182];
  • share in supporting family, [12], [72], [79], [105], [192] seq., [293];
  • under-feeding of, [64], [86] seq., [118].
• Child-birth, [46], [267], [273], [276], [283], [285];
  • see [Aristocracy], [Common-people], [Midwifery].
• Church, [236]-[242];
  • supervision of midwives, [277] seq.
• Clockmakers, [187].
• Clothiers, [98]-[102] passim, [108]-[112] passim, [117]-[124] passim, [141], [147];
  • see [Poor];
  • force workpeople to take goods for wages, [117] seq.;
  • women, [9], [100]-[102] passim, [124].
• Cloth-workers, [184].
• Coal-owner, [34].
• Common-people, [3], [257], [305];
  • definition of, [148], [253];
  • childbirth, [267]-[269] passim;
  • women’s position controlled by necessity, [41].
• Companies, [10], [25]-[27] passim, [189], [207], [212], [259], [260] seq.;
  • see Corporations, [Gilds], [Apothecaries], [Armourers and Braziers], [Bakers], [Barber-surgeons], [Binder], [Book-sellers], [Brewsters], [Butchers], [Carpenters], [Clockmakers], [Cloth-workers], [Cutlers], [Drapers], [Dyers], [Embroiderers], Fishmongers, [Fullers], [Girdlers], [Glass-sellers], [Glovers], [Goldsmiths], Gold-wire [Drawers], [Grocers], [Joiners], [Leather-sellers], [Mercers], [Merchants], [Merchant], [Taylors], [Midwives], [Painter-Stainers], [Pewterers], [Physicians], [Point-makers], [Printers], [Publishers], [Shoe-makers], [Smiths], [Stationers], [Tailors], [Upholsterers], [Whit-awers].
• Congreve, [3].
• Contractors, [31].
• Cooking, [11].
• Corporations (Municipal), [151], [199]-[204] passim, [209], [212], [218], [224], [263];
  • see [Boroughs], [Companies], [Customs], [Gilds], [Beverley], [Bristol], [Bury], [Bury St. Edmunds], [Carlisle], [Chester], [Dorchester], [Exeter], [Grimsby], [Hull], [Kingston-upon-Hull], [Leicester], [Lincoln], [London], [Manchester], [Norwich], [Nottingham], [Newcastle-upon-Tyne], [Reading], [Rye], [Salford], [Salisbury], [Sandwich], [St. Albans], [Sheffield], [Southampton], [Tiverton], [Torksey], [York].
• Cost of living, [68]-[79] passim, [134];
  • diet of children, [68], [71], [223];
  • servants, [68];
  • difference between men, women and children, [71]-[73] passim, [127];
  • Family of three Children, [68], [73].
• Cotton trade, [94], [124].
• Cowden, parish of, [131], [264], [280].
• Cows, [45], [47], [53], [55], [57], [209], [292];
  • see [Dairy], [Milking].
• Crafts, [10], [150]-[197];
  • see [Gilds], [Trades].
• Craftsman, [10], [197].
• Cromwell family, [18], [69].
• Culpeper, Nicholas, [271] seq.
• Custom (habit), [155], [158]-[161].
• Customs, [160];
  • see [Corporations];
  • excise, [140].
• Cutler, [187].
• Cutworks, [32].
• Dairy,
  • see [Butter], [Cheese], [Cows], [Milking];
  • produce for domestic consumption, [5], [43];
  • as pin-money, [54];
  • supplementing family income, [55];
  • women’s sphere, [5], [50], [53], [292].
• Dant, Joan, [32] seq., [206].
• Daughters, [176] seq., [197] seq., [252], [284];
  • see [Burling], [Education];
  • employed in parents’ trade, [184], seq., [195], [200], [217], [298];
  • enters company by patrimony, [191], [298];
  • hired out as weavers, [103];
  • sustaining parents, [115].
• Decker, Thos., [158] seq.
• Defoe, Daniel, [96], [115] seq., [156] seq.
• Distaff, [13], [48], [107], [111].
• Doctor,
  • see [Apothecaries], [Barber-surgeons], [Physicians], [Midwifery].
• Domestic Industry, [4] seq., [8], [40], [47]-[49], [151], [210], [254], [302];
  • see [Baking], [Brewers], [Capitalism], [Dairy], [Family] [Industry], [Servants], [Spinning], [Textile] [Trades];
  • definition of, [4]-[6] passim;
  • drudgery performed by servants, [156] seq., [294], [304];
  • effect on women’s economic position, [145], [290], [292];
  • girls’ work, [11] seq.;
  • men’s work, [5].
• Dorchester, [132] seq., [185], [200], [217], [261], [263] seq.
• Drapers, [184], [200];
  • see Gild.
• Dunning, Richard, [132].
• Dyer, [111], [155];
  • of leather, [158];
  • in Ireland, [18].
• Education, [36], [242], [286] seq., [295], [302]-[306] passim;
  • see [Apprentice], [Children], [Mother], [Poor Relief], [Teaching];
  • arithmetic unnecessary for girls, [52];
  • industrial, [71], [130]-[135] passim;
  • influence of domestic and family industry, [40];
  • institutions, [239];
  • medical, [255], [288];
  • nurses, [249];
  • want of specialised training for girls, [243], [288], [301], [304].
• Embroiderer, [184].
• Elizabethan Period, Women of, [2], [3], [9], [38], [41].
• Estate Management, [14], [15], [17].
• Evelyn, John, [115].
• Everenden, [62].
• Executrix, [39], [188], [293].
• Exeter, [206].
• Eyre, Adam, [54].
• Farmer, [42]-[56] passim, [108], [155];
  • see [Agriculture], [Capitalism];
  • definition of, [43];
  • demand for labour, [81], [83], [90], [91];
  • finds sureties for married labourers, [83] seq.;
  • preference for unmarried labourers, [12];
  • wife’s occupation, [46]-[50] passim, [111], [112];
  • women’s characteristics, [43] seq.
• Farrier, [155].
• Father, [39], [45], [56], [79], [86], [145], [237];
  • deserts starving family, [118], [148];
  • head of family, [6], [300];
  • interest in children, [5], [54], [160], [295];
  • profits of family industry vested in father, [6], [7], [182], [294], [299].
• Falkland, The Lady, [18]-[20] passim.
• Falkland, The Lady Letice, [241], [251], [256].
• Family, [73], [80], [100], [106], [122], [144], [204], [219], [242], [286], [291], [294], [299], [304], [307];
  • see [Business], [Capitalism], [Father], [Mother], [Wages], [Wage-earners], [Widow], [Wife];
  • basis of social organisation, [285], [288], [290], [299] seq.;
  • chargeable to Parish, [80]-[88] passim, [134], [142], [146], [204];
  • dependence on wages, [43], [56], [178];
  • see [Husbandmen], [Wage-earners];
  • size of, [86] seq.;
  • traditions lost, [118], [148], [237], [287].
• Family Industry, [6]-[11] passim, [92], [94], [96] seq., [102], [142], [151], [156], [165], [192] seq., [196], [216], [234], [290], [297], [301] seq., [305];
  • see [Capitalism].
• Fanshawe, Lady, [22].
• Fell, Sarah, [17], [51], [255].
• Feltmaker, [190].
• Fiennes, Celia, [62], [73], [124], [233].
• Firmin, Thomas, [135]-[137] passim.
• Fishmonger, [219] seq.
• Fishwives, [36], [209], [219]-[221];
  • oyster wives, [202], [220].
• Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, [46]-[50], [129].
• Flax, [64], [146], [246], [291];
  • sowing, [40], [48], [128].
• Foulis, Sir John, [32], [280] seq.
• Foreign Women, Dutch merchants, [36] seq., [219];
  • Flanders, workers of woollen cloths, [103];
  • French midwives, [268], [275], [284].
• Fullers, [121], [145], [155], [157], [189].
• Garden, women’s sphere, [5], [9], [48], [50], [53], [292].
• Gardiner, Lady, [15].
• Gilds, [10], [141], [150], [154]-[156] passim, [192], [196];
  • see [Apprentice], [Capitalism], [Companies], [Journeyman], [Wife];
  • admission to, [160] seq., [176] seq., [179], [191];
  • charters, [140], [160], [178], [181]-[183] passim; [187], [259];
  • development into Companies, [158];
  • functions, religious, social and for trade purposes, [154], [160], [171]-[181] passim;
  • revilings, [172], [182], [183];
  • rules, [157] seq., [179] seq., [187];
  • women’s position in, [150], [154]-[191] passim;
  • in woman’s trade, [195] seq.
• Girdlers, [185], [189];
  • see [Companies].
• Glass-sellers, [187];
  • see [Companies].
• Glovers, [181], [185], [191] seq.;
  • see [Companies].
• Gold and Silver Thread, [26], [143]-[145] passim;
  • pauper trade, [145] seq.
• Goldsmith, [184];
  • see [Companies].
• Gold-wire Drawers;
  • see [Gold and Silver Thread].
• Grimsby, [31].
• Grocers, [179], [184], [201] seq., [260];
  • see [Companies].
• Haberdasher, [200].
• Hale, Sir Matthew, [79].
• Harber, Sylvia, [122] seq.
• Harley, Brilliana Lady, [15] seq.
• Harley, Sir E., [16].
• Harrowing, [87].
• Hawkers, [204]-[207] passim.
• Hay-making, [49], [62].
• Hellyard, Elizabeth, [34] seq.
• Heylyn, Peter, [54] seq., [239], [278].
• Heywood, Oliver, [87], [129].
• Hobbes, [258], [303].
• Holroyd, Joseph, [30].
• Home, [4];
  • see [Industrial Revolution];
  • includes workshop, [7] seq., [156]-[160] passim, [294];
  • men’s sphere as well as women’s, [303];
  • opportunities for production in home, [147];
  • wage-earners work away from home, [296].
• Howell, James, [37], [53].
• Hospitals, [243]-[249];
  • see [Nurses].
• Household, accounts, [17];
  • affairs, [157];
  • of craftsmen, [158] seq.;
  • size of, [15], [50], [99].
• Housing, [73]-[81] passim.
• Huckster, [155].
• Hull, [30], [212] seq.
• Husband, [10], [12], [15], [17], [18], [20], [22]-[24] passim, [34], [39], [46], [49], [88] seq., [95], [118], [171]-[173] passim, [212], [228], [233] seq., [240], [306];
  • see [Wife];
  • acquires wife’s rights, [161], [213];
  • assists wife, [199], [214], [301];
  • companionship with wife, [160], [183], [301]-[303] passim, [306];
  • dependence on wife’s assistance, [16], [36] seq., [46], [153], [165], [194], [196], [211];
  • ill-treatment of wife, [191];
  • independence of wife, [41], [197];
  • meddles not with wife’s trade, [231] seq.;
  • not responsible for wife’s debts, [151] seq.
• Husbandman, [3], [56]-[64] passim;
  • definition of, [43], [57];
  • girls’ environment, [87];
  • independence, [56];
  • rent, [57];
  • wages, men, [59]-[62] passim, women, [60]-[63] passim;
  • wife’s occupation, [60]-[64] passim, [111] seq.;
  • wife as wet-nurse, [58];
  • women’s characteristics, [58] seq.
• Hutchinson, Mrs. Lucy, [23] seq., [255], [263].
• Hutchinson, Colonel, [23] seq., [252].
• Keeper of tenis court, [25].
• King, Gregory, [55], [80], [86].
• Kingston-upon-Hull, [103], [181].
• Knitting, [18], [26], [133].
• Idleness, [138], [253].
• Industrialism, [94], [123];
  • see [Capitalism];
  • attempted introduction of factory system, [99], [124].
• Industrial Revolution, [8] seq.
• Industry;
  • see [Domestic], [Family], [Capitalism].
• Infant Mortality, [58], [86], [273], [276], [283], [305].
• Inn-keeper, [155], [209], [213], [225], [227], [233].
• Insurance Office, [33].
• Ireland, [18], [126].
• Ironmonger, [155].
• Joiners, [181];
  • see [Companies].
• Jonson, Ben, [28], [257].
• Josselin, the Rev. R., [50], [257].
• Journeyman, [156], [159], [180], [212], [297] seq.;
  • see [Widow];
  • employed by women, [174], [185], [189], [261];
  • organisation of, [10], [166];
  • wives and daughters excluded, [10], [166], [197], [234], [298], [301];
  • wife unpaid servant, [10].
• Labourer, see [Farmer], [Husbandman], [Wage earner], [Wages].
• Laundry, maid, [50];
  • work, [5], [13], [49], [135], [155].
• Law, [236] seq.
• Lace, see [Ireland];
  • bone-lace, [142], [144].
• Leather-sellers, [158], [185];
  • see [Companies].
• Leicester, [210], [222] seq.
• Leland, [99].
• Lincoln, [157].
• Linen manufacture, [94], [96], [124]-[137] passim, [138];
  • see [Drapers], [Flax], [Poor], [Spinning], [Weaving];
  • appropriateness to women, [128] seq.;
  • capitalistic, [124], [136];
  • company, [126]-[128] passim, [136];
  • domestic, [5], [40], [48], [96], [125], [128], [129], [137];
  • family, [128];
  • in Ireland, [126] seq.;
  • printers, [126];
  • in Scotland, [126], [129];
  • wages for spinning, [48], [95] seq., [128]-[137] passim, [146].
• London, [29], [31], [33], [131], [135], [138]-[141] passim, [152], [158]-[195] passim, [202], [206], [208], [217], [220], [233], [243]-[249] passim, [258]-[263] passim, [281].
• Malt-making, [47], [49] seq., [224]-[226] passim.
• Manchester, [206], [213], [218], [221].
• Mansell, Lady, [35].
• Mantua-making, [195], [234], [293].
• Marriage, [191];
  • see [Poor relief], [Wife], [Mother];
  • confers woman’s rights on her husband, [261];
  • strengthens man’s economic position, [39].
• Married Woman;
  • see, [Mother], [Wife].
• Market, [4], [119], [202], [204], [217], [291];
  • corn-market, [211];
  • Farmer’s wife attends market, [49]-[51];
  • labour market, [145], [167], [298];
  • price of spinning, [129];
  • market spinner, [107], [109] seq., [113];
  • town, [224] seq.;
  • thread, yarn and wool, sold in market, [107]-[109] passim, [112], [127] seq.;
  • woman, [135].
• Martindale, Adam, [55], [257].
• McMath, James, [267], [282].
• Medicine, [242], [253]-[265] passim, [286], [288], [294];
  • see [Poor], [Servants];
  • domestic practice, [242], [254]-[257] passim;
  • education of women, [255], [294];
  • their exclusion from schools, [254], [265], [294];
  • fees, [262], [264];
  • Licensed by Bishop, [276];
  • professional practice, [242], [254], [257]-[259] passim, [263] seq.;
  • restrictions on women, [259] seq.;
  • women’s skill extended to neighbours, [255]-[257] passim, [294].
• Mercers, [184], [201].
• Merchant, [29], [36], [140], [155], [180]-[184] passim;
  • see [Joan Dant].
• Middle-man, [110], [124];
  • see [Market spinner].
• Midwife, [258];
  • see [Midwifery];
  • Baptism by, [277]-[279] passim;
  • Fees, [268], [279]-[281] passim;
  • Licences, [272]-[279] passim;
  • Man-midwife, [265], [271] seq., [284];
  • Prosecutions of, [279].
• Midwifery, [242] seq., [265]-[285], [288];
  • see [Midwife];
  • chiefly professional, [265];
  • doctor’s assistance, [271], [280]-[284] passim;
  • French, [268], [275], [279], [284];
  • training of women for, [269]-[275] passim, [288].
• Milking, [47].
• Mill, [47], [210], [215] seq.
• Miller, [209], [212], [215] seq.;
  • wages of, [66].
• Milliner, [176], [195], [234], [293].
• Milton, John, [240], [304].
• Money-lender, [28] seq.,
  • see [Pawnbroker].
• Monopolies and patents, [25]-[28] passim.
• Moore, Rev. Giles, [252].
• Mother, [43], [63] seq., [73], [125], [196], [198], [214];
  • see [Capitalism], [Domestic Industry], [Spinning], [Wages], [Widow], [Wife];
  • desertion of children, [86];
  • educating children, [21], [95], [159], [242], [286], [295];
  • head of family, [7], [234], [300];
  • sharing father’s work, [6] seq.;
  • supporting family, [12], [29], [55], [64], [78] seq., [114], [178], [192]-[194] passim, [198];
  • tending children, [47], [63], [95];
  • under-feeding, [87]-[89] passim, [306];
  • value of productive activity, [145], [290] seq., [304];
  • worship of, [238] seq.
• Motherhood, women’s capacity for, [8] seq., [58], [87], [305].
• Murray, Lady, [16].
• Needlework, [13].
• Netmaker, [155].
• Newcastle-upon-Tyne, [34], [226].
• Nicholson, Dame Margaret, [60].
• Norwich, [107], [116], [219], [229].
• Nottingham, [130], [201], [217], [232].
• Nurse, sick, [13], [135], [155];
  • salaries, [243]-[246] passim, [248], [250] seq.
• Nursing, [242]-[253];
  • see [Poor], [Servants].
• Ogden, Hester, [164].
• Orphan, see [Children], [Poor Relief].
• Osborne, Dorothy, [57].
• Painter-Stainer, [188].
• Paper-maker, [32].
• Pauper, see [Poor].
• Pawnbroker, [28] seq.;
  • see [Money-lender].
• Pechey, [275].
• Pedlar, [32], [204]-[207] passim.
• Pepys Samuel, [3], [38] seq., [59], [62], [281], [296] seq.
• Peronne, Mme., [268].
• Petitions, from women, [23]-[27] passim, [118], [121], [138];
  • of married woman objected to, [77].
• Petty, Dorothy, [33] seq.
• Pewterers, [183], [186] seq., [191], [210], [294];
  • see [Companies].
• Physicians, [259], [262], [265], [271], [275] seq., [284].
• Politics, see [Petitions];
  • women’s interest in, [23] seq.
• Pig-keeping, [5], [48], [52] seq., [292].
• Pin-maker, [193].
• Point-maker, [191].
• Poor,
  • see [Hospitals], [Midwife], [Silk], [Spinning], [Wages], [Wage-earners];
  • census of, [219];
  • clothiers’ poor, [109];
  • confinements, [277], [280];
  • education of, [130]-[134] passim;
  • increased wages, [115];
  • medical attendance, [255] seq., [263]-[265] passim;
  • not all vagrants, [135];
  • nursing, [243], [251] seq.;
  • relief, [69]-[92] passim, [118], [129]-[137] passim, [204];
  • set on work, [110], [120], [130]-[137] passim, [140], [148];
  • synonymous with pauper, [148];
  • widows and orphans maintained by parish, [204];
  • workhouse, [72], [131]-[134] passim.
• Poultry-keeping, [5], [48], [50], [87], [209], [292].
• Pregnancy, [24], [72] seq., [82], [89].
• Printer, [161]-[167];
  • see [Companies].
• Professions, [5], [236]-[289] passim;
  • see [Church], [Education], [Law], [Medicine], [Midwifery], [Nursing], [Teaching];
  • services, [4] seq., [294] seq.;
  • women’s position in, [13], [304].
• Projector, [28].
• Provision Trades, [150], seq., [209]-[234] passim;
  • see [Alehouse], [Alewife], [Apprentice], [Bakers], [Brewing], [Butcher], [Fishwife], [Inn-keeper], [Malt-making], [Miller], [Retail] [Trades], [Vintner], [Wife], [Widow];
  • women’s position in, [10] seq.
• Publisher, [167];
  • see [Companies].
• Pulling pease, [61] seq.
• Quakers, [51], [168], [199], [240];
  • see [Fell];
  • Adams (wife of John), [153];
  • Banks, (wife of John), [44];
  • Batt, Mary, [45] seq.;
  • Bownas (wife of Samuel), [52];
  • Townsend, Will., marriage of, [190].
• Rawdon, Marmaduke, [257].
• Raynold, [266] seq., [269].
• Reading, [85], [132], [189], [203] seq., [213], [216], [249] seq.
• Regrater, [204] seq., [207]-[209] passim, [218] seq.
• Religion, independence of married women, [240].
• Restoration Period, women of, [2], [9], [38], [41].
• Retail Trade, [197]-[209] passim;
  • see [Chapmen], [Badger], [Haberdashers], [Hawkers], [Pedlars], [Regrater], [Shopkeepers];
  • women’s position in, [10] seq., [150] seq., [156], [172], [197], [209], [293].
• Rous, Margaret, [17].
• Rye, [152] seq.
• Salford, [52] seq., [84], [212].
• Salisbury, [184], [213], [258] seq.
• Salisbury, Earl of, [25], [111].
• Sandwich, [152].
• Salt concerns, [17] seq.
• Scotland, [126], [129].
• Scottish, [140].
• Semptsress, [155], [175] seq., [202], [221].
• Servants, [5] seq., [26], [155] seq., [176], [187], [202], [220], [241];
  • see [Brewing], [Journeyman], [Wages], [Wages assessments];
  • diet of, [68], [88];
  • dresses, [126];
  • employed in domestic drudgery, [5], [157], [196], [292], [294];
  • employed in spinning, [125];
  • farm, [47], [50], [116], [210], [229];
  • married, [81], [88];
  • scarcity of, [56];
  • housekeepers’ duties, [255];
  • medical attendance on, [252], [263];
  • men servants brought up by women, [141];
  • of clothiers, [101];
  • nursing of, [251] seq.;
  • shoemaker, [66], [203];
  • training of, [253];
  • women, scarcity of, [157].
• Sex-jealousy, an anachronism, [299];
  • absence in woollen trade, [95], [123];
  • exclusion of women from trades, [103], [105], [106], [191].
• Shakespeare, [3].
• Sharp, Jane, [269]-[271] passim.
• Shearing, corn, [49], [60];
  • sheep, [62].
• Sheffield, [187].
• Shepherd, [62].
• Shipping, [29]-[31] passim.
• Shoemaker, [155], [158] seq., [184], [202] seq.;
  • see [Servants].
• Shopkeeper, [158], [168], [198]-[209] passim.
• Silk manufacture, [94], [126], [138]-[143];
  • see [Apprentice], [Poor], [Textiles], [Weaving];
  • capitalistic, [142];
  • occupation of gentlewomen, [10], [138]-[140] passim, [142];
  • refuge of paupers, [140]-[142] passim, [146];
  • silk women, [140];
  • stockings, [26] seq.;
  • wages, [142].
• Smith, [155], [189], [210], [259], [294].
• Social position of women, [8], [40], [249], [283], [306] seq.
• Southampton, [101], [195] seq.
• Spinning, [5];
  • see [Poor], [Linen-manufacture], [Woollen];
  • demand for, [95], [110], [112] seq., [124], [129], [146];
  • domestic industry, [9], [40], [64], [96], [125], [129], [137], [147], [291] seq.;
  • employment of poor, [13], [100], [110] seq., [128]-[137] passim, [146] seq., [209], [291];
  • instruction in, [13], [111], [130]-[137];
  • monopoly of women and children, [93], [102], [145], [292];
  • organisation of, [107]-[113], [123] seq.;
  • resource for mothers, [9], [13], [63], [95], [151], [209];
  • wages;
  • withdraws women from agriculture and service, [112], [115].
• Spinner, [18], [102], [110], [113], [117], [120], [128] seq., [141], [221];
  • market spinner, [107], [109] seq., [113].
• Spinster, [95] seq., [107]-[109] passim, [112]-[136] passim, [147], [155], [221];
  • classes of, [111] seq.
• Spreading muck, [62].
• St. Albans, [202].
• Stapley, Richard, [125].
• State, [242], [286], [299], [303], [307] seq.
• Stationers, [158], [161]-[170] passim;
  • see [Companies].
• Stumpe, [99];
  • see [Clothier].
• Suckle calves, [47].
• Surgeons, see [Barber-surgeons].
• Surgery, see [Medicine].
• Tailor, [155], [181].
• Tanner, [185].
• Thatching, [61].
• Taylor, Randall, [58].
• Teaching, [242], [265], [286] seq., [294] seq.
• Textile Trades, [9], [93]-[149] passim, [150];
  • see [Burling], [Capitalism], [Carding], [Clothiers], [Cotton], [Domestic] [Industry], [Family] [Industry], [Fuller], [Gold and Silver], [Knitting], [Linen-manufacture], [Silk], [Spinning], [Spinner], [Weaver], [Wage-earner], [Wages], [Woollen];
  • industrial organisation of, [96];
  • proportion of women’s labour, [93] seq., [97] seq., [114], [133] seq., [292];
  • proportion of children’s labour, [108], [112], [114], [116], [133] seq.;
  • women’s position in, [93] seq., [95], [146].
• Thierry, Rachel, [100] seq.
• Thornton, Mrs. Alice, [16].
• Tiverton, [227].
• Tobacco pipe makers, [192].
• Torksey, [222].
• Trades;
  • see [Crafts], [Provision], [Retail Textile];
  • women’s occupation in, [10], [146], [293].
• Turbeville, Mrs. Mary, [258] seq.
• Upholsterer, [184], [195].
• Vantrollier (wife of Thos.), [163].
• Verney, Lady, [20];
  • Sir Edmund, [15];
  • Sir Ralph, [15], [20], [258].
• Vintners, [209], [233] seq.
• Village Community, [56], [253];
  • disintegration of, [148];
  • vigorous stock of, [42];
  • women’s influence in, [148].
• Vives, [37].
• Wage-earner, [4], [6], [64]-[92] passim, [99];
  • see [Agriculture], [Birth-rate], [Butcher], [Capitalism], [Children], [Infant] [Mortality], [Journeyman], [Marriage], [Motherhood], [Spinning], [Silk], [Textile-Manufactures], [Wages], [Widow], [Wife], [Woollen];
  • definition of, [43], [65];
  • children of, [86] seq.;
  • class of undesirables, [90];
  • combination among, [121]-[124] passim, [298], [301];
  • family income, [65]-[69] passim, [71], [79] seq., [178];
  • insolvency, [80]-[92] passim, [129], [146]-[149], [209], [293];
  • numbers of, [4], [90] seq., [305];
  • wife of, [9] seq., [76]-[89] passim, [235];
  • her earning capacity, [68] seq., [89], [92], [147] seq., [209], [292];
  • her virtual exclusion from skilled trades, [298].
• Wages, [35], [59], [65], [100], [301];
  • see [Brewing], [Carpenters], [Doctors], [Husbandmen], [Linen-manufacture], [Nurse (sick)], [Midwife], [Miller], [Poor], [Spinning], [Silk], [Woollen];
  • assessments, [50], [59] seq., [62], [65]-[67] passim, [72], [83], [90], [210], [293];
  • difference between family and individual wages, [7], [296], [299];
  • day labourers, men, [9], [56], [60]-[62] passim, [65] seq., [96];
  • day labourers, women, [9], [60]-[66] passim, [68], [72], [89];
  • servants, men, [50], [56], [65] seq.;
  • servants, women, [50], [65], [157];
  • married men, [65] seq.;
  • not expected to keep family, [12], [86], [90], [293];
  • relation to cost of living, [10], [68] seq., [79] seq., [83], [89], [95], [130], [134]-[137] passim, [145], [178];
  • women’s, do not represent value of their work, [64], [137], [145], [291] seq., [304].
• Weaver, [155], [259];
  • see [Apprentice];
  • assault women, [126];
  • complaints against clothiers, [114], [117]-[123] passim,
  • domestic purposes, [40], [64], [125];
  • linen, [18], [124] seq., [128], [136];
  • women, [129];
  • woollen, [18], [99], [111], [116];
  • women, [102]-[106], [145];
  • forbidden to weave cloth, [103];
  • widow, [103] seq.;
  • ribbons and tape; [104];
  • silk, [138], [141];
  • Wages, [120], [149].
• Webber, [102], [221];
  • see [Weaver].
• Webster, [102], [155], [221];
  • see [Weaver].
• Weeding, [62], [89].
• Wet-nurse, [26], [58].
• Whipping dogs out of Church, [63].
• Whit-awers, [191].
• Winchcombe, John, [99].
• Winnowing, [49].
• Widow, [29], [33], [45], [86], [100], [122], [129], [137], [156], [171], [177], [189] seq., [195], [200], [201], [204] seq., [209], [213], [216], [218], [227], [230], [249]-[252] passim, [264], [268];
  • see [Apprentice], [Housing], [Journeymen], [Poor Relief], [Weaver];
  • dependence on journeymen, [185], [189], seq., [261];
  • membership in late husband’s gild, [160] seq., [168], [174], [176] seq., [179] seq., [183], [185], [187], [233] seq., [261], [298];
  • pensions to, [69], seq. [170];
  • of soldiers, [248] seq.;
  • succession to late husband’s business, [11], [30]-[34] passim, [104] seq., [151], [154] seq., [160]-[163] passim, [167]-[173] passim, [188] seq., [215], [217], [221], [293].
• Wife, [45], [70], [216], [237], [280];
  • see [Alehouse], [Bakers], [Business], [Capitalist], [Dairy], [Doctor], [Domestic], [Farmer], [Household Management], [Husbandman], [Journeyman], [Mother], [Pig-keeping], [Poultry-keeping], [Shop-keeper], [Sick nursing], [Spinning], [Wage-earner];
  • economic position of, [11], [292];
  • membership in husband’s gild, [150], [160], [171] seq., [179] seq., [191], [261], [301];
  • mutual dependence of husband and wife, [12], [41], [44], [49], [54] seq., [300]-[302] passim;
  • pauperisation of wife, [92], [147], [149];
  • wife provides food and clothes for family, [12] seq., [39], [60], [63], [90], [94] seq., [106], [112], [125], [137], [145], [291], [293], [304];
  • separate business, [17], [40], [151]-[156] passim, [165], [175]-[178] passim, [194] seq., [202] seq., [206], [208], [214], [219], [221], [228] seq., [231];
  • settlement, [80]-[89] passim;
  • soldier’s wife, [142];
  • subjection to husband, [16], [35], [41], [45], [197], [240], [302]-[304] passim;
  • working in husband’s business, [29], [34] seq., [40] seq., [45], [95], [100]-[102] passim, [144], [151], [153]-[159] passim, [163], [172] seq., [175], [184]-[187] passim, [192] seq., [196] seq., [202] seq., [212], [215] seq., [220] seq., [229], [234] seq., [293] seq., [302].
• Woollen manufacture, [42], [94], [97]-[124] passim, [126], [129], [138];
  • see [Clothiers], [Drapers], [Poor], [Spinning], [Weaver];
  • capitalistic, [94], [96] seq., [123] seq., [147];
  • domestic, [49], [106];
  • family, [97], [106];
  • dependence on women’s and children’s labour, [97] seq., [112], [114];
  • fluctuations in trade, [98] seq., [110] seq., [118]-[122] passim, [147] seq.;
  • instruction in, [110] seq.;
  • men and women wage-earners unite in trade disputes, [116]-[123] passim;
  • political power, [126];
  • wages for spinning, [49], [95]-[97] passim, [100], [108] seq., [113]-[118] passim, [120], [122] seq., [124], [134] seq., [137];
  • women’s position in, [98], [102] seq., [106], [124];
  • wool-combers, [155].
• Wycherley, [3], [37].
• Yeoman, [9], [50], [76], [90].
• York, [212].

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LIST OF STUDIES IN ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.

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A Series of Monographs by Lecturers and Students connected with the

London School of Economics and Political Science.

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EDITED BY THE

DIRECTOR OF THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.