The filtration of public water-supplies / Third edition, revised and enlarged.

by Allen Hazen

[61] Not in use.

[62] Under construction.

[63] In the Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, 1895, page 881, Reinsch discusses at length the cause of the inferior results at Altona in winter, and has apparently discovered a new factor in producing them. Owing to defective construction of the outlets for the sedimentation-basins they have failed to act properly in presence of excessive quantities of ice, and the sediment from the basins has been discharged in large quantity upon the filters, and a small fraction of the many millions of bacteria in it have passed through the filters. He has experimented with this sediment applied to small filters, and has become convinced that to secure good work under all conditions a much deeper layer of sand than that generally considered necessary must be used, and his work emphasizes the importance of the action of the sand in distinction from the action of the sediment layer, which has often been thought to be the sole, or at least the principal, requirement of good filtration.

[64] Licht- u. Wasserwerke, Zürich, 1892, page 32.

[65] Descriptions of some of the leading European ground-water supplies were given by the author in the Jour. Asso. Eng. Soc., Feb. 1895, p. 113.

[66] “Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte,” vol. xiv. p. 260.

INDEX.

• Albany, N. Y., filters at, [254], [288].
• Alkalinity, [155].
• Altona, double filtration at, [198].
• filters at, [265].
• Alum, use of, in filtration, [92], [144].
• American cities, water-supplies of, and typhoid fever in, [211].
• Amsterdam, filters at, [272].
• iron removal at, [192].
• Anderson process, [147].
• Antwerp, filters at, [272].
• Asbestos as filtering material, [181].
• Asbury Park, iron removal at, [192].
• Ashland, Wis., filters at, [252].
• Area of filters to be provided, [47].
• Bacteria, apparent and actual removal of, by filters, [87].
• from underdrains, [87].
• in Elbe at Altona, [228].
• in fæces, [215].
• in water, [84].
• number to be allowed in filtered water, [222].
• of cholera in river water, [231].
• of typhoid fever, life of, in water, [216].
• of special kinds to test efficiency of filtration, [86].
• to be determined daily, [222].
• Bacterial examination of water, [93].
• Berlin, regulation of depth of water, [59].
• cholera infantum from water, [229].
• friction in underdrains, [44].
• regulation of rate, [53], [55].
• water works, [261].
• Berwyn, Penn., filters at, [253].
• Boston, protection of purity of water-supply, [110].
• experimental filters at, [73].
• Bremen, double filtration at, [198].
• Breslau, filters at, [274].
• Brussels, ground-water, supply of, [276].
• Budapest, filters at, [274].
• Burton, regulation of rate at Tokyo, Japan, [58].
• Carpenter, Prof. L. G., [24].
• Chemnitz, intermittent filtration at, [107].
• Chicago, reduced death-rate with new intake, [217].
• Cholera infantum from impure water, [226].
• Cholera, in Hamburg from water, [230].
• caused by water, [214].
• Clarification, definition of, [113].
• Clark, H. W., [24], [190].
• Clark’s process for softening water, [92], [145].
• Clay particles, size of, [123].
• Cleaning filters, [68].
• Coagulant, absorption of, by suspended matters, [154].
• successive applications of, [154].
• Coagulants used in practice, [150].
• Coagulation of waters, [144].
• Cologne, water-supply of, from wells, [276].
• Color, [113].
• amount of coagulant required to remove, [153].
• amount of, in various waters, [115].
• measurement of, [114].
• Color, removal of, [117].
• Continuous filters, [5].
• filtration, nature of, [83], [92].
• Cost of filters and filtration, [4], [48], [102], [200], [314].
• Covered filters, efficiency of, [17].
• Covers for filters, [12], [15].
• at Albany, [295].
• in the United States, [17].
• omitted at Lawrence, [101].
• Crenothrix, [105], [186].
• Diarrhœa from impure water, [226].
• Dibden, W. J., [129].
• Disease from water, [210].
• Double filtration at Schiedam, [273].
• Drainage areas of a number of rivers, [133].
• Dresden, water-supply of, from filter-gallery, [276].
• Drown, Dr. Thomas M., [150], [191].
• Effective size of sand, [21], [238].
• European sands, [25].
• Efficiency of filtration, [83], [88], [91].
• effect of rate upon, [50].
• effect of size of sand-grain upon, [30].
• effect of thickness of sand layer upon, [34].
• at Lawrence, [106].
• European filters, [91], [260].
• Effluents, wasting after scraping, [74].
• Fæces, number of bacteria in, [215].
• Far Rockaway, L. I., filters at, [193], [253].
• Filling sand with water from below, [68], [307].
• Filter beds, bottoms of, must be water-tight, [12].
• covers for, [12].
• form of, [11].
• size of, [10].
• Filters, aggregate capacity of, [254].
• depths of waters on, [45].
• list of cities using, [244].
• reserve area required, [47].
• first constructed at London, [83].
• for household use, [183].
• general arrangement of, [6].
• Filters, statistics of, at various cities, [241].
• Filtration, cost of, [200].
• degree of purification required, [5].
• general nature of, [92].
• Fischer tile system, [181].
• FitzGerald, Desmond, [73], [111], [196].
• Flood flows not taken for supply, [10].
• Fränkel and Piefke, experiments on removal of disease germs, [86].
• Frankfort on Main, water supply of, from springs, [276].
• Frankland, Dr. Percy, [84].
• Friction of filtered water in pipes, [264].
• water in gravel, [37].
• water in sand, [22].
• water in underdrains, [40].
• Frost, effect of, upon filters, [12], [229], [a]266].
• Frühling, on the heating of water by sunshine, [16].
• underdraining at Königsberg, [39].
• Fuller, G. W., [118], [123], [131], [139], [140], [145], [152], [154], [161], [165].
• German Imperial Board of Health, [34], [51], [54], [75], [95].
• regulations in regard to filtration, [221].
• Gill, apparatus for regulation, [55].
• Glasgow, water-supply of, from Loch Katrine, [275].
• Gravel at Albany, [299].
• layers, [35].
• friction of water in, [37].
• screening of, for filters, [37].
• Grand Forks, N. D., filters at, [252].
• Ground-water supplies, [3].
• the use of, in Europe, [276].
• Halbertsma, H. P. N., [54], [59].
• Hamburg, apparatus for regulating depth of water, [59].
• health of, [226], [271].
• regulation of rate of filtration, [56].
• underdrains of filters at, [42].
• water-supply of, [269].
• Hamilton, N. Y., filters at, [253].
• Hardness, removal of, [92], [145].
• Harrisburg, Penn., filters at, [253].
• Hermany, Charles, [161].
• High rates of filtration without coagulant, [182].
• Household filters, [183].
• Hudson, N. Y., filters at, [251].
• Ice on filters, [13].
• Inlet regulators, [59].
• Impounding reservoirs, [2].
• Intermittent filtration, [97].
• application of, [111], [197].
• at Chemnitz, [107].
• at Lawrence, [100].
• of Pegan Brook, [110].
• Iron, compounds of, as coagulants, [146].
• in ground-waters, [186].
• in ground-water at Lawrence, [105].
• metallic, the Anderson process, [147].
• present as ferrous sulphate, [191].
• removal plants in operation, [192].
• Iron waters, treatment of, [189].
• Jewel filter, [151], [161], [162], [172], [173].
• Kirkwood, James P., [8], [36], [47], [51], [55], [61], [63], [67].
• Kümmel, [50], [51], [86].
• Lambertsville, N. J., filters at, [252].
• Lawrence City filter, description of, [100].
• Lawrence Experiment Station, [97].
• air in water filtered in winter at, [46].
• depth of sand removed at, [70].
• depth of water on filters, [46].
• effect of loss of head upon efficiency, [61].
• effect of size of sand-grain upon efficiency, [32].
• effect of size of sand-grain upon frequency of scraping, [32].
• efficiency of filters at various rates, [50].
• efficiency of filtration at, [86], [89].
• experiments with continuous filtration, [110].
• filters of fine sand, [31].
• filters of various sand-grain sizes, [32].
• gravel for filters at, [39].
• growth of bacteria in sterilized sand at, [85].
• intermittent filtration investigated, [97].
• Lawrence Experiment Station, method of sand analysis at, [20].
• quantities of water filtered at various losses of head, [66].
• wasting effluents not necessary, [75].
• Lawrence, typhoid fever at, [102].
• Leipzig, water-supply of, from wells, [276].
• Lime in sand, [29].
• sterilizing effect of, [146].
• as a coagulant, [145].
• application of, to water, [157].
• Lindley, [43], [51], [54], [57], [81].
• Literature on filtration, [277], [285].
• Little Falls, N. Y., filters at, [253].
• Loam in filters, [35].
• London, cost of operating filters at, [202].
• water-supply of, [255].
• Long, Prof., [131].
• Lorain, tests of mechanical filters, [161].
• Loss of head, [52].
• limit to, [60], [67].
• reasons for allowing high, [65].
• Louisville, mechanical filters at, [161].
• Magdeburg, filters at, [273].
• Maignen system, [181].
• Manchester, water-supply of, [275].
• Manganese, compounds of, as coagulants, [148].
• in ground-waters, [188].
• Massachusetts State Board of Health, see Lawrence Experiment
• Station.
• Mechanical filters, [159].
• application of, [199].
• efficiency of, [179].
• list of, [247].
• pressure filters, [180].
• rates of filtration used, [175].
• types of, [172].
• wasting effluent after washing, [163].
• Millford, Mass., filters at, [252].
• Mills, H. F., [97], [99], [102].
• Mount Vernon, N. Y., filters at, [252].
• Mud, see turbidity.
• Muddy waters, [113].
• Munich, water-supply of, from springs, [275].
• Nichols, Prof., suspended matters in European streams, [131].
• Nitrification, effect of, upon bacteria, [98].
• Odors, removal of, by filtration, [112].
• Organic matters in water, [83].
• removed by intermittent filters, [98].
• Paper manufacturing, filtration of water for, [5].
• Paris, ground-water supply of, [276].
• Palmer, Prof., [131].
• Passages through the sand in filters, [67].
• Pegan Brook, purification of, [110].
• Period, how computed and length of, [72].
• length of, dependent upon turbidity, [137].
• Piefke, [48], [50], [54], [63], [69], [73], [74], [75], [80], [84], [85], [90].
• Pittsburgh, experiments with mechanical filters, [162].
• Plägge and Proskauer, [84].
• Plymouth, Penn., typhoid fever at, [208].
• Pollution of European water-supplies, [93].
• Polluted waters, utilization of excessively, [111].
• Porcelain filters for household use, [183].
• Poughkeepsie, N. Y., filters at, [251].
• Pressure filters, [180].
• Providence, mechanical filters at, [159].
• Rate of filtration, [47], [224].
• at various places, [241].
• effect of, upon cost, [48].
• effect of, upon efficiency, [50].
• lower after scraping, [76].
• regulation of, [52].
• Red Bank, N. J., filters at, [193], [253].
• Regulation of filters, [52].
• old forms of regulators, [52].
• modern forms of regulators, [54].
• at Albany, [305], [308], [310].
• of mechanical filters, [178].
• Reincke, Dr., report on health of Hamburg for 1892, [226].
• Reinsch on the cause of poor filtration at Altona, [267].
• Reserve area required in case of ice, [18].
• Reservoirs, purposes served by, [133].
• Rock Island, Ill., filters at, [254].
• Roofs for filters, [16].
• Rotterdam, filters at, [272].
• St. Johnsbury, Vt., filters at, [251].
• St. Louis, regulators for proposed filters, [55].
• St. Petersburg, filters at, [275].
• Samuelson, [51].
• Sand, [20].
• at Albany, [301].
• analysis of European, [25].
• analysis of, from leading works, [28].
• appliances for moving, [68].
• compactness of, in natural banks, [61].
• depth of, in filters, [34].
• depth to be removed from filters, [69].
• dune, [26].
• dune, washing of, impossible, [82].
• effect of grain-size upon frequency of scraping, [32].
• effect of grain-size upon the efficiency, [30].
• effective size of, [21], [238].
• extra scraping before replacing fresh, [71].
• for filtration, [20], [33].
• for mechanical filters, [175].
• friction of water in, [22].
• grain-size of, [20], [233].
• in European filters, [24].
• in Lawrence filters, two sizes of, [100].
• lime in, [29].
• method of analysis of, [233].
• quantity to be removed by scraping, [74].
• replacing, [71].
• selection of, [33].
• size of passages between grains of, [6].
• sterilized, experiments with, [85].
• thickness of layer, [34].
• uniformity coefficient, [21], [238].
• Sand washing, [26], [76], [304].
• cost of, [81].
• water for, [80].
• Sandstone filters for household use, [183].
• Schiedam, double filtration at, [273].
• Scraping filters, [7], [68].
• Scraping filters, amount of labor required for, [81].
• depth of sand removed, [33], [66], [69].
• frequency of, [49], [72], [241].
• Sedgwick, Prof. W. T., [86].
• Sediment, removal of, [92], [133].
• Sediment layer, [6], [31].
• influence of, upon bacterial purification, [84].
• thickness of, [33], [66], [69].
• Sedimentation basins, [8], [133], [293].
• effect of, [134].
• Sewage, number of bacteria in, [215].
• Simpson, James, [83].
• Soda-ash, application of, [157].
• Somersworth, N. H., filters at, [253].
• Storage for raw water, [136].
• Subsidence, limits to the use of, [142].
• Sulphate of alumina, action of, upon waters, [144].
• Surface-waters, use of, unfiltered, [275].
• Suspended matters, [113], [117].
• in relation to turbidities, [122].
• in various waters, [129].
• The Hague, iron removal at, [192].
• Tokyo, regulation of rate at, [58].
• Trenched bottoms for filters, [36], [40], [100].
• Turbidity, [92], [113].
• amount which is noticeable, [121].
• amount in several streams, [124].
• duration of, [128].
• in relation to suspended matters, [122].
• measurement of, [117].
• power of sand filters to remove, [139].
• preliminary processes to remove, [133].
• source of, [123].
• Typhoid fever in Berlin and Altona, [12], [85], [267].
• in American cities, [211].
• Typhoid fever in Hamburg, [271].
• in Lawrence, [102].
• in London, [259].
• in Zürich, [275].
• Typhoid-fever germs, life of, in water, [216].
• Underdrains, [35], [39].
• bacteria from, [87].
• friction of, at Albany, [299].
• size of, [41].
• ventilators for, [44].
• Uniformity coefficient of sand, [21], [238].
• Ventilators for underdrains, [44].
• Vienna, water-supply of, from springs, [276].
• Warren filter, [151], [161], [162], [172], [a]176], [a]177].
• Warsaw, filters at, [275].
• friction in underdrains, [43].
• regulation of rate at, [57].
• Wasting effluents, [74].
• Water, depth of, on filters, [45], [59].
• heating of, in filters, [45].
• organic matters in, [83].
• Water-supplies of American cities, [211].
• Water-supply and disease, [210].
• Waters, what require filtration, [207].
• Weston, E. B., [153], [154], [159].
• Weston, R. S., [153], [189].
• West Superior, iron in ground-water at, [189].
• Winter, effect of, upon filtration, [12].
• temperatures of places having open and covered filters, [15].
• Worms tile system, [181].
• Zürich, filters at, [274].

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