Union and Democracy

by Allen Johnson

An adequate history of the Supreme Court has yet to be written. H. L. Carson, The History of the Supreme Court of the United States, with biographies of all the chief and associate justices (2 vols., 1902-04), and H. Flanders, The Lives and Times of the Chief-Justices of the Supreme Court (2 vols., 1855-58), are serviceable works. The best selection of cases on constitutional law is that by J. B. Thayer, Cases in Constitutional Law (2 vols., 1894-95). Some of the more important decisions may be found abridged in Allen Johnson's Readings in American Constitutional History (1912). W. W. Willoughby, The Supreme Court: its History and Influence in our Constitutional System (1890), and The American Constitutional System (1904), are interesting volumes by an authority on constitutional law. J. P. Kennedy, Memoirs of the Life of William Wirt (2 vols., 1850); G. J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (2 vols., 1857-58); W. W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story (2 vols., 1851); and G. T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster (2 vols., 1870), contribute to an understanding of the relation of the federal bench and bar. Especially valuable is Charles Warren's History of the American Bar, Colonial and Federal, to 1860 (1911). The progress of American law is reviewed in Two Centuries' Growth of American Law, 1701-1901, by members of the faculty of the Yale Law School.

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INDEX

Adams, Abigail, [120], [121].
Adams, John, Minister to England, [7];
demands Western posts, [17];
on the adoption of the Constitution, [41];
elected Vice-President, [48];
on the President's address, [50];
re-elected Vice-President, [67];
candidate for the Presidency, [92];
elected President, [93];
his attitude toward France, [96];
appoints commissioners, [96-97];
urges preparations for war, [98];
sends X Y Z letters to Congress, [98];
appoints officers of army, [101-02];
at odds with Hamilton faction, [103];
resumes relations with France, [103-04];
his title to fame, [104];
pardons Fries, [113];
candidate for Presidency (1800), [116];
and federal judiciary, [121-22];
presidential elector (1820), [280];
on European entanglements, [289-90];
offers Chief Justiceship to Jay, [331].
Adams, John Quincy, and the practice of law, [20];
on the new Constitution, [41];
special envoy to England, [87];
secures amendment of Jay Treaty, [88];
defends the embargo, [189];
resigns from Senate, [193];
commissioner at Ghent, [227-29];
on Jackson's invasion of Florida, [262];
his reply to Spain, [262-63];
on recognition of South American Republics, [290-91];
challenges British claims on Pacific, [292];
on future of Cuba, [292-93];
protests Russian claims on the Pacific Coast, [293];
advises against joint declaration with England, [295];
candidate for the Presidency (1824), [308];
favors internal improvements, [310];
favors Tariff of 1824, [312];
his electoral vote (1824), [312];
wins Clay's following, [313-14];
elected President by the House, [314];
appoints Clay Secretary of State, [315];
his first message, [318-19];
and the civil service, [318-19];
on the Panama Congress, [320], [321];
and the Creek Indians, [324-26];
and the Cherokee Indians, [326-27].
Adet, French Minister to United States, interferes in the election of 1800, [92-93];
on Jefferson as an American, [290].
Agriculture, American, [126-27].
Alabama, admitted as a State, [251].
Alien and Sedition Acts, [109];
petitions for the repeal of, [112];
expiration of, [135].
Allston, Washington, [286].
Ambrister, Robert C., [261-62].
Amelia Island, entrepôt for neutral trade, [199];
occupied by the United States, [204];
evacuated, [219].
American character, disclosed by the war, [232-33].
American Insurance Company v. Canter, [341-42].
American literature, want of, [283];
from 1815 to 1830, [284].
Ames, Fisher, on the heads of departments, [89-90];
on the Republican opposition, [108];
on democracy, [161-62].
Annapolis Trade Convention, [28].
Anthology and Boston Review, [283].
Anti-Federalists, and the Constitution, [39].
Appointments, by Washington, [54-55];
by John Adams, [122];
by Jefferson, [130-31];
by John Q. Adams, [318-19].
Arbuthnot, Alexander, [261-62].
Army, at the establishment of Government, [55];
provisional, in 1798, [101-03];
at the beginning of the War of 1812, [212];
after the War of 1812, [241].
Articles of Confederation, proposed amendments to, [6];
inadequacy of, [16-17], [21-24], [25-27].
Assumption of state debts, [58-61].
Ballou, Hosea, [288].
Baltimore, and Western trade, [254], [256].
Bancroft, George, [287].
Bank of the United States, opposed by Jefferson, [62];
advocated by Hamilton, [63];
charter of, [63];
speculation in the stock of, [63-64];
Congress refuses to recharter, [239];
charter of the second, [239-40];
management of, [267];
investigation of, [267];
popular hostility to, [267-68];
taxation of the branches of, [268].
Baptists, in New England, [247];
in the West, [301-02].
Barbour, James, [271].
Baumeler, Joseph, [246], [302].
Bayard, James A., and the election of 1801, [118-19];
commissioner at Ghent, [227].
Benton, Thomas H., on the election of 1825, [315-16].
Berlin Decree, of Napoleon, [187];
its revocation, [200].
Bible Society of the United States, [301].
Bladensburg, battle of, [222].
Blennerhassett, Harman, and Burr, [172-73], [175-76].
Blockade of American ports by British cruisers, [181-82], [201], [218], [233].
Blount conspiracy, [97].
Bonus Bill, advocated by Calhoun, [257];
vetoed by Madison, [257].
Boone, Daniel, [14].
Boston, as an intellectual and literary center, [287].
Bowdoin, Governor James, and Shays' Rebellion, [20-21];
suggests convention of the States, [27].
Breckenridge, John, [110].
Brown, Jacob, [220].
Brown, Moses, [124].
Bryant, William Cullen, [284].
Burr, Aaron, candidate for the Vice-Presidency (1796), [92];
on politics in Connecticut, [115];
carries the city of New York (1800), [115-16];
elected Vice-President (1800), [118];
candidate for Governor of New York, [165];
approached by Federalists, [165-66];
his duel with Hamilton, [166];
his intrigues, [172-73];
his expedition, [173-76];
his arrest and trial, [176-78].
Cabot, George, [164].
Calhoun, John C., repudiates peaceable coercion, [207];
favors Tariff of 1816, [237];
his nationalism, [241-42];
on constitutional limitations, [242];
his Bonus Bill, [257];
Secretary of War, [258];
candidate for the Presidency, [307];
candidate for the Vice-Presidency, [308];
elected Vice-President, [312];
on the Tariff of 1828, [328-29];
elaborates his defense of state rights, [345].
Campbell, Alexander, [288].
Canada, proposed conquest of, [203], [213].
Canals, constructed and projected, in 1825, [255-56].
Canning, George, and the Chesapeake affair, [186];
on the embargo, [191];
on British naval losses, [216];
on intervention, [292];
overtures to Rush, [294];
on the new doctrine of President Monroe, [296].
Capital, location of the national, [60-61];
removed from Philadelphia to Washington, [119-21].
Caucus,
congressional (1800), [116];
(1804), [167];
(1808), [193-94];
(1812), [216];
(1816), [243];
hostility to, [307], [308];
(1824), [308].
legislative, [305].
Channing, William E., [288].
Chase, Samuel, impeachment of, [139-41].
Cherokee Indians, in Georgia, [326-27].
Chesapeake Bay, navigation of, [27-28];
British military operations in, [221-23].
Chesapeake, United States frigate, and the Leopard, [184-86];
reparation offered for, [197];
avenged, [202];
captured, [218].
Chippewa, battle of, [220].
Cincinnati, Society of the, [24].
Civil service. See Appointments.
Claiborne, W. C. C., Governor of the Mississippi Territory, reports withdrawal of the right of deposit, [148];
takes possession of West Florida, [204].
Clark, George Rogers, and Genet, [74-75].
Clay, Henry, his early career, [202-03];
in the Senate, [203];
Speaker of the House, [207];
commissioner at Ghent, [227], [229];
his nationalism, [241-42];
on the National Bank Bill, [242];
opposes the Florida Treaty, [264-65];
on the extension of slavery, [270];
on the admission of Missouri, [279];
on the counting of the electoral vote (1820), [280];
advocates an American system, [289];
candidate for the Presidency (1824), [307-08];
on internal improvements, [309-10];
urges a protective tariff, [310];
favors the Tariff of 1824, [312];
his electoral vote (1824), [312];
and Jackson, [313], [314], [315];
and Crawford, [313];
and Adams, [313-14];
accepts Secretaryship of State, [314];
denies corrupt-bargain charge, [313-15];
favors Panama Congress, [320];
on the status of Cuba, [321].
Clinton, De Witt, nominated for the Presidency (1812), [216];
promotes the Erie Canal, [255-56].
Clinton, George, candidate for Vice-Presidency (1792), [67];
elected Vice-President (1804), [167];
candidate for the Presidency (1808), [194].
Cohens v. Virginia, [336-37].
Colonization Society, [272].
Commerce,
foreign, during the Revolution, [2];
restrictions upon, [3], [7];
power to regulate, [34];
revival of, [46-47];
aggressions on, [76-77], [86-87];
and Jay's Treaty, [85-87];
Mississippi opened to, [87];
during European wars, [124], [179-80];
during the War of 1812, [233];
after the Treaty of Ghent, [233-34].
internal,
between South and Northwest, [252-53];
along the Mississippi, [253-54];
between East and other sections, [254-56].
Commonwealth v. Caton, [19].
Compromises of the Constitution, [33-35].
Congress,
of the Confederation, and finance, [5-6];
peregrinations of, [6];
and foreign commerce, [7-8];
and the public domain, [8];
organizes the Northwest Territory, [10-12];
and the State of Franklin, [15];
and Shays' Rebellion, [21-22];
and the Annapolis Convention, [28-29];
and the new Constitution, [38], [44].
of the new Union, elections to, [44];
assembles, [47];
organizes, [48];
attends the counting of the electoral vote, [48];
hears the inaugural address, [48], [49];
enters upon its duties, [50].
Connecticut, favors the open door, [8];
ratifies the Constitution, [41];
refuses call for militia, [213];
and the Hartford Convention, [224];
adopts a new Constitution, [304];
suffrage in, [304];
authorizes first law reports, [332].
Connecticut Wits, the, [123].
Constitution of the United States, drafting of, [30-35];
publication of, [35-38];
ratification of, [39-43];
voting on, [43-44];
first amendments to, [55];
Twelfth Amendment to, [166-67];
judicial interpretation of, [331-45].
Constitution, United States frigate, captures L'Insurgente, [101];
captures the Guerrière, [215];
captures the Java, [216].
Constitutions, of new States, [303-04];
of the old States, [304-05].
Convention of 1787, origin, [28-29];
choice of delegates to, [29];
proceedings of, [30-38];
journal of, [30];
its work, [35-36].
Cooper, J. Fenimore, [285].
Corrupt-bargain cry, in 1825, [313-15].
Cotton gin, invention of, [127];
effect of, [127-28].
Cotton-growing, spread of, [127], [249-51].
Cotton manufacturing, beginnings of, [124];
after the embargo, [234-35];
after the Peace of Ghent, [235-36].
Court reports, first published, [332].
Courts, federal. See Federal judiciary, Judiciary Act, etc.
Crawford, William H., candidate for presidential nomination (1816), [243-44];
nominated for the Presidency (1824), [308];
on internal improvements, [310];
on the Tariff of 1824, [312];
his electoral vote (1824), [312];
his vote in the election by the House, [314].
Creek Indians, rising of, [219];
capitulation of, [220];
in East Florida, [260];
lands in Georgia, [324-26].
Crisis of 1819, [266-67].
Cuba, interest of the United States in, [293], [321].
Cumberland Road. See National Road.
Currency, under the Confederation, [5];
after the War of 1812, [238-39], [240-41].
Cushing, William, [54].
Cutler, Manasseh, [11-12].
Dallas, A. J., Secretary of the Treasury, and the tariff, [237-38];
and the new National Bank, [241].
Dartmouth College Case, [342-43].
Davis, Jefferson, father of, [249].
Dearborn, Henry, Secretary of War, [130-31];
in the War of 1812, [213], [218].
Decatur, Stephen, [145], [215].
Delaware, instructs delegates to the Federal Convention, [30];
ratifies the Constitution, [41].
Democracy in the United States, [298-301], [303-07].
Democratic societies, founded, [75];
condemned by Washington, [83-84].
Demos Krateo principle, [315-16].
Dennie, Joseph, [283].
Departments, executive, organized, [51-52];
Fisher Ames on, [89-90].
Deposit, right of, at New Orleans, [87];
withdrawn, [148].
Detroit, surrender of, [214].
Dorchester, Lord, Governor of Canada, 68, [78-79].
Duties on imports, proposed in 1781, 1783, [6].
Dwight, Timothy, his Conquest of Canaan, [123];
on the back-country people, [247].
East Florida, revolution in, [204];
occupied by United States, [204];
rendezvous, [259-60];
invaded by Jackson, [260-62].
Ellsworth, Oliver, [53-54].
Embargo Act, of 1794, [79];
of 1807, [188-89];
enforcement of, [190-91], [194-95];
as a coercive weapon, [190], [192];
effect of, [191-93];
in New England, [193], [195];
repeal of, [196];
of 1812, [209].
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, [287].
Emigration, from New England, [247-48];
from the Middle States, [248];
from the South, [249].
Era of Good Feelings, [266].
Erie Canal, construction of, [255-56].
Erskine, D. M., British Minister to the United States, [197].
Essex, case of the, [180].
Essex Junto, [164], [193], [224].
Everett, Edward, [287].
Executive Departments, establishment of, [51-52].
Fallen Timber, battle of, [80-81].
Far West, [258-59].
Fauchet, J. A. J., succeeds Genet, [76];
urges acquisition of Louisiana, [91].
Fearon, Henry B., [247], [248].
Federal Convention of 1787. See Convention of 1787.
Federalist, the, [43].
Federalist party, origin of, [39-40].
See also Presidential elections.
Finances, of the Confederation, [5-6];
of the new Government, [50-51], [56-64].
Fiscal administration, beginnings of national, [51].
Fisheries, discussed at Ghent, [229];
in the Convention of 1818, [259].
Fletcher v. Peck, [170], [342].
Floridas, controversy over the boundaries of, [16], [68];
northern boundary settled, [87];
proposed purchase of, [148];
and the province of Louisiana, 151, [158-59];
sought by Jefferson, [170-71];
acquisition of, [264].
Florida Treaty, [264-65].
Foreign-born in the United States, [245-46].
Foster, A. J., British Minister to the United States, [201].
France, concessions to American commerce, [46];
covets Spanish colonies, [70-71];
sends Genet to United States, [71-72];
demands rights under treaties of 1778, [72-73];
substitutes Fauchet for Genet, [76];
opens colonies to neutral trade, [76-77];

attempts to procure Louisiana, [91];
offended at Jay's Treaty, [92-93];
refuses to receive Pinckney, [95];
the X Y Z affair, [98-99];
involved in hostilities with United States, [101];
convention of 1800, [104], [146];
acquires Louisiana, [146];
expedition against Santo Domingo, [146-47];
cedes Louisiana to United States, [149], [150];
continental system, [187-88];
and the embargo, [191-92];
sequesters American vessels, [199-200];
withdraws decrees, [200].
Franklin, Benjamin, in the Convention of 1787, [30], [32].
Franklin, State of, [15].
French Revolution, influence on America, [72].
Freneau, Philip, [65-66], [123].
Fries Rebellion, [113].
Fulton, Robert, [232].
Gallatin, Albert, Representative, [89];
on the treaty-making power, [90-91];
Secretary of the Treasury, [130];
his policy of retrenchment, [132-33];
and the Mediterranean Fund, [144];
urges enforcement of the embargo, [194];
recommends war taxes, [208];
commissioner at Ghent, [227], [229];
and the Convention of 1818, [259];
on equality in Pennsylvania, [300].
Gardoqui, Don Diego de, Spanish Minister to United States, [16].
Genet, E. C., French Minister to United States, [71-72];
designs on Florida and Louisiana, [73];
sets up prize courts, [73-74];
revolutionary activities, [73-75];
discredited, [76];
recalled, [76].
Georgia, ratifies the Constitution, [41];
and the Yazoo land grants, [168-70];
and the Creek Indians, [324];
protests against the Treaty of Washington, [325];
and the Indian lands, [325-26];
protests against the tariff, [327].
Gerry, Elbridge, commissioner to France, [96];
and the X Y Z affair, [98-100];
elected Vice-President (1812), [216].
Ghent, Treaty of, preliminary negotiations, [227-29];
terms of, [229-30].
Gibbons v. Ogden, [343-45].
Giles, William, resolution censuring Hamilton, [66];
on the reform of the judiciary, [134-35];
on impeachment, [140].
Gray, Captain Robert, of the Columbia, [47].
Great Britain, imposes restriction on American commerce, [3];
refuses commercial treaty, [7];
retains Western posts, [7];
Nootka Sound affair, [69];
policy in the Northwest, [68-70];
and the Rule of 1756, [76-77];
preys on neutral commerce, [77-78];
and the Jay Treaty, [84-88];
and the Blount conspiracy, [97];
and the case of the Essex, [180];
exercises right of search, [182];
condones impressment, [182];
evades reparation for the Chesapeake affair, [186];
demands recall of proclamation, [186];
retaliates for French decrees, [188];
and the embargo, [191];
repudiates Erskine Treaty, [197];
recalls Jackson, [198];
and the withdrawal of French decrees, [200];
offers reparation for the Chesapeake affair, [201];
blockades New York, [201];
incurs American hostility, [208-10];
withdraws orders in council, [210];
and the War of 1812, [212-30];
declines Russian mediation, [227];
negotiates for peace, [227];
concludes Treaty of Ghent, [228-29];
concludes Convention of 1818, [259];
aroused by Jackson's Florida campaign, [262];
and the European congresses, [291];
protests against intervention, [292];
overtures to the United States, [292-94].
Green v. Biddle, [340].
Greenville, Treaty of, [87];
disregarded by settlers, [205].
Grenville, Lord, negotiates with Jay, [79], [85].
Griswold, Roger, on the treaty-making power, [90];
and the project of a New England confederacy, [164];
on the office of Vice-President, [167].
Grundy, Felix, [207].
Guerrière, British frigate, [202], [215].
Hamilton, Alexander, defends Waddington, [4];
drafts Annapolis report, [28];
on the opposition to the Constitution, [41];
contributes to the Federalist papers, [43];
and the bill to establish the Treasury Department, [52];
Secretary of the Treasury, [54];
first Report on the Public Credit, [56-60];
alleged deal with Jefferson, [61-62];
second Report, [61-62];
on the National Bank Bill, [62-63];
on the French treaties, [73];
defends Jay's Treaty, [86];
retires from the Treasury, [89];
and the Presidency, [92];
advises recall of Monroe, [95];
major-general, [102];
urges enforcement of Alien Act, [113];
hostility to John Adams, [116];
opposes Federalist alliance with Burr, [165];
duel with Burr, [166].
Hard times, under the Confederation, [2-3];
in 1819-20, [268-69].
Harmar, Fort, seat of government in the Northwest, [14].
Harrisburg Convention, [327-28].
Harrison, William Henry, concludes Indian treaties, [205-06];
wins battle of Tippecanoe, [200];
in the War of 1812, [217-18].
Hartford Convention, origin of, [224-25];
journal of, [225];
report of, [225-27].
Harvard College, [287].
Hayne, Robert Y., on the Panama Mission, [322-23].
Henry of Prussia, Prince, and the regency of the United States, [24].
Hicks, Elias, [288].
Holy Alliance, designs of the so-called, [291].
Hopkinson, Joseph, [101].
Horseshoe Bend, battle of, [220].
Hudson's Bay Company, [259].
Hull, Captain Isaac, captures the Guerrière, [215].
Hull, General William, surrenders Detroit, [214].
Ildefonso, Treaty of, [146].
Illinois, settlement of, [248];
admitted as a State, [251].
Immigration into the United States, [245].
Impeachment, of Senator Blount, [97];
of Judge Pickering, [138-39];
of Justice Chase, [139-41].
Impressment of American seamen, in 1793-94, [77-78];
not mentioned in the Jay Treaty, [84-85];
condoned by the British Admiralty, [182];
deeply resented in United States in 1806, [183];
abolition demanded by Monroe, [186];
as a cause of the War of 1812, [209];
in the negotiations at Ghent, 228
and the Treaty of Ghent, [229-30].
Imprisonment for debt, [269].
Indiana, settlement of, [245];
admitted as a State, [251].
Indian Treaties in the Northwest, [205-06].
Industry, during the Revolution, [2];
revival of, [47];
protection of, in the tariff of 1789, [51];
growth of, [124].
See also special industries, and Tariff Acts.
Ingersoll, Jared, [216].
Internal improvements, popular demand for, [255];
carried on by States, [255-56];
proposed by Gallatin in 1806, [256];
Calhoun's Bonus Bill, [257];
Madison on, [257];
Monroe on, [258];
in Congress, [258], [309];
Survey Bill, [309].
Intervention of the Great Powers, in Italy, [292];
in Spain, [292].
Irving, Washington, [284], [285].
Jackson, Andrew, wins battle of Horseshoe Bend, [220];
concludes treaty with the Creeks, [220];
wins the battle of New Orleans, [227];
invades East Florida, [261-62];
on precedent, [268];
on rotation in office, [304];
candidate for the Presidency (1824), [307-08];
favors Survey Bill, [310];
favors protective policy, [312];
his electoral vote (1824), [312];
his vote in the House election, [314];
and Clay, [315];
significance of his popular vote, [316];
candidate for the Presidency (1828), [318].
Jackson, F. J., British Minister to United States, [198].
Jacobinism, [107], [114], [161].
Jay, John, diplomatic agent of United States, [16];
contributes to the Federalist papers, [43];
appointed Chief justice, [54];
envoy extraordinary to England, [79];
drafts treaty, [84];
declines appointment as Chief Justice, [331-32].
Jay Treaty, negotiated, [84];
discussed in Senate, [84-85];
evaluation of, [85-86];
popular opinion of, [86];
amended in Senate, [86-87];
promulgated by President, [88];
debated in the House, [90-91];
gives offense to France, [92-93].
Jefferson, Thomas, Ordinance of 1784, [8];
Secretary of State, [54];
on speculation in government paper, [58];
on assumption, [60-61];
on the excise, [62];
on the Bank Bill, [62-63];
his distrust of Hamilton, [64];
fears British designs on Louisiana, [69];
on the French treaties, [73];
proposes retaliatory legislation against England, [78];
candidate for the Presidency (1796), [92];
elected Vice-President, [93];
on war message of Adams, [98];
drafts Kentucky Resolutions, [110];
candidate for the Presidency (1800), [110];
directs political campaign of 1800, [112];
elected President, [118];
on the Revolution of 1800, [119];
personal appearance, [128];
on husbandry, [128];
on commerce and coercion, [129];
inaugural address, [129-30];
on the work of the general Government, [130];
and the patronage, [131-33];
mastery of Congress, 132, [133-34];
on retrenchment, [132-33];
on the judiciary, [134-35], [141], [331];
on impeachment, [141];
on the navy, [143];
on the retrocession of Louisiana, [147];
instructions to Livingston, [148];
his information about Louisiana, [152];
authorizes Lewis and Clark expedition, [152];
on the acquisition of Louisiana, [153-54];
on New England Federalism, [162-63];
reëlected President (1804), [167];
attempts to acquire the Floridas, [170-71];
his proclamation against Burr, [175];
sends Pinkney to England, [181];
and the Chesapeake affair, [186];
recommends embargo, [190];
abdicates, [194];
favors protection of manufactures, [236];
on Canning's overtures, [294];
on internal improvements, [319].
Johnson, R. M., [271].
Judicial review, power of, [4], [19], [137-38].
Judiciary Act, of 1789, passed, [53-54];
tested, [335-37];
of 1801, passed, [121-22];
repealed, [134-35].
Judiciary, federal, organized, [53-54];
reorganized, [121-22];
and Republican reforms, [134-35];
feared by Jefferson, [331];
influence in 1800, [331-32];
controversy with Pennsylvania, [333-35];
controversy with Virginia, [336-37], [338-39];
expands the Constitution, [341-45];
nationalizing influence, [345].
Kent, James, on universal suffrage, [305];
his appointment to the Supreme Court urged, [345].
Kentucky, separatist movement in, [16];
admitted as a State, [55];
intrigues in, [68];
radical legislation in, [268];
protests against the decision of court in Green v. Biddle, [340].
King, Rufus, candidate for the Vice-Presidency, [167], [194];
elected Vice-President, [244];
on slavery in Missouri, [277].
Kirby, Ephraim, [332].
Knox, Henry, refuses to serve in the provisional army, [10];
Secretary of War, [22], [55];
and Shays' Rebellion, [22].
Kremer, George, [314].
L'Ambuscade, French frigate, [74].
Land Act of 1820, [269].
Land Ordinance of 1785, [10].
Lands, disposal of the public, [10-12], [269-70].
Latrobe, Benjamin H., [123], [236].
Leander, British frigate, [181-82].
Leclerc, V. E., expedition against Santo Domingo, [146-47], [149].
Lee, Henry, and the Whiskey Insurrection, [83].
Leopard-Chesapeake affair, [184-86].
Lewis and Clark expedition, [152-53].
Lincoln, Abraham, father of, [249];
education of, [303].
Lincoln, Levi, [130-31].
L'Insurgente, French frigate, [101].
Little Belt, British sloop-of-war, [202].
Little Sarah affair, [75].
Livingston, Robert, Minister to France, [148-49];
negotiates for Louisiana, [150-51];
on the bounds of Louisiana, 151, [158-59].
Louisiana, Spanish province, threatened by France, [71];
retroceded to France, [146];
acquired by the United States, [149-51];
Senate opposition to, [155-56];
provision for the government of, [156-58];
transfer of, [157];
bounds of, [158-59];
western boundary settled, [264].
Lowndes, William, [307].
Lundy's Lane, battle of, [220].
Lyon, Matthew, prosecution of, [110].
M'Culloch v. Maryland, [268], [337-38].
Macdonough, Thomas, wins battle of Plattsburg, [221-22].
McHenry, James, Secretary of War, [101], [103].
Maclay, William, on the President's address, [50];
on the Judiciary Act, [54].
Macon bills, [199].
Macon, Nathaniel, Speaker of the House, [133-34];
on non-intercourse, [199].
Madison, James, on affairs in Georgia, [7];
on state jealousies, [8];
in the Federal Convention, [29-30];
contributes to the Federalist papers, [43];
proposes constitutional amendments, [55];
on stock-jobbing, [63-64];
on Hamilton's financial policy, [64];
proposes retaliatory legislation (1793), [78];
drafts Virginia Resolutions, [110-11];
Secretary of State, [130];
on the Yazoo commission, [169];
favors peaceable coercion, [180-81];
on impressments, [186];
and George Rose, [187];
elected President, [194];
and Erskine, [197];
and Jackson, [198];
issues proclamation against England, [200];
authorizes occupation of West Florida, [204];
and the war party, [208-09];
recommends an embargo, [209];
his war message, [209-10];
his proclamation of war, [210];
reëlected President (1812), [216-17];
and New England, [223], [225];
his estimate of the war, [231-32];
favors mild protection of industries, [236];
vetoes Bank Bill, [239];
signs second Bank Bill, [239];
message of 1815, [241];
his farewell address, [243], [257];
on Canning's overtures, [294].
Magazines as literature, 1815-30, [284].
Mahan, Admiral A. T., on the War of 1812, [231].
Maine, the admission of, [275-77];
suffrage in, [304].
Malbone, Edward G., [286].
Manufactures, beginnings of, [46], [124].
See special industries.
Marbury v. Madison, case of, [136-37];
constitutional importance of, [333].
Marietta, founding of, [13].
Marshall, John, on the Constitution as the expression of the will of the people, [43];
commissioner to France, [96];
and the X Y Z affair, [98-100];
appointed Chief Justice, [136];
and Jefferson, [136];
opinion in Marbury v. Madison, [136-37], [333];
at the trial of Burr, [177-78];
influence of, [332-33];
opinion in United States v. Peters, [334];
opinion in Cohens v. Virginia, [336-37];
opinion in M'Culloch v. Maryland, [337-38];
opinion in United States v. Fisher, [338];
opinion in American Insurance Company v. Canter, [341-42];
opinion in Fletcher v. Peck, [342];
opinion in Dartmouth College Case, [342-43];

opinion in Gibbons v. Ogden, [343-45].
Martin, Luther, [18], [177].
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, [335-36].
Maryland, commercial differences with Virginia, [27-28];
ratifies the Constitution, [41];
taxes branch bank, [337].
Mason, George, [34].
Massachusetts, disorders in, [19-20];
Shays' Rebellion, [20-22];
ratifies the Constitution, [41];
refuses call for militia, [213];
calls Hartford Convention, [224];
dispatches commissioners to Washington, [227];
suffrage in, [305].
Mediterranean Fund, [144].
Methodism, in New England, [247];
in the West, [301-02].
Metternich, Prince, and the Holy Alliance, [291-92].
Migration, inter-state, after the Revolution, [13-14];
after the War of 1812, [246-47].
Milan Decree, issued by Napoleon, [188];
withdrawn, [200].
Militia question, in Massachusetts, [213], [223].
Miranda, Francisco, [70].
Missionary enterprises, [288].
Mississippi, admitted as a State, [25];
suffrage in, [303].
Mississippi River, navigation of, [16], [87], [229].
Missouri, admission as a State, [277], [279];
electoral vote in 1820, [280].
Missouri Compromise, the, [277].
Missouri controversy, political aspects, [274-75];
and public opinion, [275];
constitutional aspects, [276-77];
settlement, [277], [279].
Monroe, James, Minister to France, [94-95];
recalled, [95];
and the purchase of Louisiana, [149-50];
Minister to England, [183-84];
candidate for the Presidency (1808), [194];
elected President (1816), [244];
on internal improvements, [258];
and General Jackson, [260-63];
reëlected President (1820), [280];
on recognition of South American republics, [290];
on Canning's overtures, [294];
re-drafts message, [295];
message of 1823, [295-96];
vetoes Cumberland Road Bill, [309];
pardons Pennsylvania militiamen, [334-35].
Monroe Doctrine, genesis of, [289-95];
in the President's message, [295-96];
Canning on, [296];
implications of, [296-97], [322].
Moore, Thomas, on American letters, [123].
Morfontaine, Treaty of, [104], [146].
Mormonism, rise of, [302].
Morris, Gouverneur, in Federal Convention, [35-36];
on the Constitution, [331].
Morris, Robert, Superintendent of Finance, [5].
Napoleon Bonaparte, concludes convention with United States, [146];
acquires Louisiana, [146];
sends Leclerc against Santo Domingo, [146];
sells Louisiana to United States, [149-50];
his Berlin Decree, [187];
his Milan Decree, [188];
sequesters American vessels, [189-200];
and the embargo, [191-92];
revokes decrees, [200].
National Gazette, Republican newspaper, [65].
National Road, construction of, [256];
appropriations for, [258];
bill for collection of tolls on, [309].
Naturalization Act, of 1798, [109];
of 1801, [135-36].
Navigation laws, want of power in Congress to pass, [7];
of the States, [8];
passed by Congress (1789), [51];
and shipping, [124].
Navy of the United States, in 1798-99, [101];
under Jefferson, [133];
in Tripolitan War, [144-45];
in the War of 1812, [212-30], passim.
Navy Department, established, [101].
Neutrality, proclamation of, [72-73].
Neutral trade. See Commerce.
New England Confederacy, projected in 1804, [163-66].
New England Federalism, characteristics of, [161-63];
and the embargo, [192-93], [195-96].
New Hampshire, ratifies the Constitution, [41];
on assumption, [60];
and the Hartford Convention, [224].
New Jersey, and its neighbors under the Confederation, [8];
ratifies the Constitution, [41].
New Orleans, battle of, [227].
Newspapers, character of, in 1800, [107], [110], [112];
founding of, [112].
New York, treatment of the Tories in, [4];
ratifies the Constitution, [42-43];
settlement of western, [248];
constitution of 1821, [304-05].
New York City, and Western trade, [255-56];
as a literary center, [286].
Nicholson, Joseph, and the impeachment of Pickering, [139];
on the nature of impeachable offenses, [140].
Nominating methods, changes in, [305], [307], [308].
Non-Importation Act of 1806, [181], [188].
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, [196];
evasions of, [198-99];
enforcement of, [198-99];
revived against England, [201].
Nootka Sound affair, [69].
North American Review, founded 283-84.
North Carolina, and the Watauga settlers, [14-15];
rejects the Constitution, [44];
ratifies the Constitution, [55].
Northwest, receives settlers from New England, [13-14], [247];
from the Middle States, [248];
from the South, [248-49];
commerce of, [252-54].
Ohio Company, origin of, [10-11];
concessions of Congress to, [11-12];
begins colonization, [13].
Ohio, taxes branch Bank of the United States, [268];
seizes funds, [340];
forced to make restitution, [341].
Olmstead, Gideon, claimant in federal courts, [333-34].
Onis, Luis de, Spanish Minister to the United States, [262-64].
Orders in council, of 1783, [3];
of 1793-94, [77-78];
of 1807, [188];
withdrawal in 1812, [210].
Ordinance of 1784, [9];
of 1785, [10];
of 1787, [12-13].
Oregon, joint occupation of, [259].
Otis, Harrison Gray, [225].
Palfrey, John G., [287].
Panama, Congress, invitation to, [320-21];
opposition in Congress to, [322-23];
fate of the mission, [323].
Paper money, continental, [5];
state, [17-18].
Paris, Treaty of, aftermath of, [1-2].
Parsons, Samuel, [11].
Party, deprecated by Washington, [108];
identified with faction, [108-09];
rights of, in opposition, [114];
place of, in popular government, [119].
Party organization, [107], [305], [307].
Pasha of Tripoli, [143], [145].
Paterson, William, in the Federal Convention, [31-32].
Patronage. See Appointments.
Pennsylvania, and the Federal judiciary, [333-35].
Perry, Oliver H., wins naval supremacy of Lake Erie, [217].
Philadelphia, as the seat of government, [119-20];
as a literary center, [123];
and Western trade, [254], [256].
Pickering, John, impeachment of, [138-39].
Pickering, Timothy, Secretary of State, [103], [113];
on the Louisiana Treaty, [156];
plots a New England confederacy, [164];
opposes the embargo, [193];
secessionist in 1814, [225].
Pike, Zebulon M., expeditions of, [153].
Pinckney, Charles, and the election of 1800, [117].
Pinckney, Charles C, Minister to France, [95];
commissioner to France, [96];
and the X Y Z affair, [98-99];
appointed major-general, [102];
candidate for the Vice-Presidency (1800), [116];
candidate for the Presidency (1804), [167];
candidate for the Presidency (1808), [194].
Pinckney, Thomas, concludes Treaty of San Lorenzo, [87];
candidate for the Vice-Presidency (1800), [92-93].
Pinkney, William, Envoy to England, [181];
negotiates treaty, [184];
takes abrupt leave, [201];
on the admission of Missouri, [276-77];
influence at the federal bar, [333].
Pittsburg, distributing center in the West, [254].
Plattsburg, battle of, [221-22].
Port Folio, Dennie's, [283].
Postal service in 1800, [106].
Posts, retention of Western, [17], [68], [79], [84].
Potomac, navigation of, [16], [27-28];
location of the capital on, [60-61].
Preble, Edward, and the Tripolitan War, [145].
Prescott, William H., [287].
Presidency, created in the Federal Convention, [34-35].
President, appointing and removing power of, [52].
President, American frigate, [202].
Presidential elections, of 1788, [48];
of 1792, [66-67];
of 1796, [92-94];
of 1800, [115-17];
of 1801, [118-19];
of 1804, [167];
of 1808, [193-94];
of 1812, [216-17];
of 1816, [243-44];
of 1820, [280];
of 1824, [312-13], [316];
of 1825, [314].
Prevost, Sir George, [221-22].
Privateers, in the War of 1812, [218-19].
Prophet, the, [205].
Public domain, origin of, [8].
Quids, followers of Randolph, [170].
Rambouillet, decree of, [199-200].
Randolph, Edmund, in the Federal Convention, [30-31];
Attorney-General, [55];
on the French treaties of 1778, [73].
Randolph, John, position in the House, [134];
in the Chase impeachment, [139-41];
and the Yazoo controversy, [169-70];
and the purchase of Florida, [171];
and the indictment of Burr, [177];
derides the Non-Importation Bill, [181];
on the cause of the War of 1812, [213];
on the Tariff of 1816, [237];
on state rights, [243];
on the Tariff of 1828, [330].
Rapp, George, [302].
Relief Act of 1821, [269].
Republican court at Philadelphia, [119-20].
Republican party, origin of, [64-67].
See also Presidential elections.
Revivals in New England, [288].
Rhea letter to General Jackson, [261].
Rhode Island, opposes changes in the Articles of Confederation, [6];
paper money craze, [18-19];
out of the new Union, [44];
ratifies the Constitution, [55];
and the Hartford Convention, [224].
Right of deposit at New Orleans, [87];
withdrawn, [148].
Roane, Spencer, resists judgment in the case of Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, [336];
attacks the federal judiciary, [338-39].
Robertson, James, [14], [68].
Rodgers, John, [201], [202].
Rose, George, [186-87].
Rule of 1756, [76-77], [179-80].
Rush, Benjamin, Minister to England, [259];
Canning's overtures to, [294].
Russell, Jonathan, commissioner at Ghent, [227].
Russia, offers to mediate in 1813, [227];
and the Holy Alliance, [291];
and intervention, [292];
claims on the Pacific Coast, [293];
concludes the Treaty of 1824, [296].
Rutgers v. Waddington, [4].
Rutledge, John, [54].
St. Clair, Arthur, Governor of Northwest Territory, [14];
defeated by the Indians, [70].
San Lorenzo, Treaty of, [87].
Santo Domingo, negro republic, [146];
resists French expedition, [146-47].
Scioto Company, land grants to, [11-12].
Scott, Winfield, [220].
Sedition Act, prosecutions under, [114].
Seminole War, [260-262].
Sevier, John, [15], [68].
Shaker Societies, [302].
Shays' Rebellion, [20-22].
Shipping, of the United States, during the European wars, [124], [126];
after the Treaty of Ghent, [234].
Simcoe, J. G., [80].
Slater, Samuel, [124].
Slavery, debated in Congress, [270-271], [277];
in Missouri, [270];
extent in 1789, [271-272];
decrease in North, [272];
recognized by the Constitution, [272-73];
congressional legislation on, [273-74];
and the Missouri Compromise, [277].
Slave trade, acts relating to, [273];
extent of, [273];
forbidden by the Act of 1807, [273-74];
extent of, after 1808, [274].
Smith, Joseph, [302].
Smith, Robert, [140], [198].
Smith, William, [105].
Somers, Richard, [145].
South, effect of cotton gin upon, [250];
extention of cotton growing in, [251-52];
becomes the market for Northwest, [252-53].
South American republics, recognition of, [289-91].
South Carolina, ratifies the Constitution, [41].
Southwest, colonization of, [14-15], [249-52];
commerce of, [15-16];
a frontier society, [251-52];
diverges from Northwest, [252].
Spain, disputes the line of 1783, [16-17];
in the Southwest, [68], [70];
concludes Treaty of San Lorenzo, [87];
withholds posts, [97];
cedes Louisiana to France, [146];
retains the Floridas, [159];
menaced by the United States, [170-72];
threatens hostilities, [173-74];
in East Florida, [260];
protests against Jackson's invasion, [262];
cedes the Floridas to the United States, [264];
loses her American colonies, [289-90];
invaded by France, [292].
Specie payment, suspension of, [239];
resumption of, [240-41].
Speculation, in Western lands, [10-12], [26-27];
in government paper, [58];
in bank stock, [63-64].
Squatter, the, [251-52].
State banks, increase of, [239];
notes of, [266].
Steamboat, on Western waters, [253-54].
Story, Joseph, and Marshall, [333];
appointed Associate Justice, [335];
on criticism of the judiciary, [339-40];
opinion in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, [335-36].
Stuart, Gilbert, [285].
Supreme Court. See Federal judiciary.
Survey Bill, vote in Congress on, [309].
Symmes, John C., land grants to, [11], [12];
begins colony, [14].
Talleyrand-Périgord, C. M., urges acquisition of Louisiana, [98];
and the X Y Z affair, [98-99];
to the American commissioners, [100];
and the retrocession of Louisiana, [146];
and the cession of Louisiana to the United States, [149-50];
on the boundaries of the province, [159].
Tallmadge, James, [270], [271].
Tariff Act, of 1789, [50-51];
of 1816, [237-38];
of 1824, [310-13];
of 1828, [328-30];
Tariff of Abominations. See Tariff Act, of 1828.
Taylor, John, on agriculture at the South, [126];
on the Louisiana Treaty, [156];
on state rights, [339].
Taylor, John W., [271].
Tecumseh, [205], [218], [219].
Tennessee, settlement of, [14];
intrigues in, [68];
admitted as a State, [92].
Thames, battle of the, [218].
Thomas, Jesse B., [275-76].
Ticknor, George, [287].
Tippecanoe, battle of, [206].
Tocqueville, De, on equality in America, [300];
on the character of Western society, [301].
Tonnage dues, [51], [124].
Tories, persecution of, [3-5].
Toussaint L'Ouverture, [146].
Tracy, Uriah, on the Louisiana Treaty, [155-56];
on a New England confederacy, [164].
Trade. See Commerce.
Transportation, in 1800, [105].
See also National Road, Canals, Internal improvements, etc.
Travel, difficulties of, about 1800, [105-06];
improvement after the War of 1812, [255].
Treasury, Secretary of, bill to establish, [52];
reports of, [56-62].
Treaty-making power, debated in House,

[90-91].
Treaty of Paris (1783), [1];
(1794), [84-88];
of Greenville (1795), [87];
of San Lorenzo (1795), [87-88];
of Morfontaine (1800), [104], [146];
of Louisiana (1803), [150];
with Tripoli (1805), [145];
(1806), [184];
(1809), [197];
of Ghent (1814), [229-30];
with Spain (1819), [264].
Trespass Act of New York, [4].
Trevett v. Weeden, [19].
Tripolitan War, [143-45].
Troup, George M., [325-26].
Trumbull, John, [236-37], [286].
Tudor, William, [283].
Turnpikes, construction of, [255].
Unitarianism, rise of, [287-88].
United States, frigate, [215].
United States Gazette, Federalist newspaper, [66].
United States v. Peters, [333-34].
Universalism, rise of, [288].
Van Buren, Martin, [243-44], [316], [323].
Vans Murray, William, [103].
Vermont, admitted as a State, [55];
refuses the call for militia, [224];
and the Hartford Convention, [224].
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, [110-12].
Virginia, commercial difficulties with Maryland, [27-28];
ratifies the Constitution, [41];
protests against internal improvements, [319-20];
on the Supreme Court (1809), [335];
protests against decisions of federal courts, [336-37];
proposes constitutional amendment, [339].
War of 1812, preparations for, [208-09];
motives for, [208-10];
vote for, [210];
political aspects of, [212-13], [216-17], [223-27];
land operations of, [213-14], [217-18], [220-23];
naval operations, [215-16], [218-19], [221-22];
in the Southwest, [219-20];
end of, [228];
results of, [231-244], [282].
Washington, George, on the prospects of the United States, [1];
on Tories, [3];
resigns commission, [6];
on the West, [16];
on Shays' Rebellion, [23];
in the Federal Convention, [29];
on the growth of industry, [46-47];
elected President, [48];
inauguration, [48-50];
appointments of, [54-55];
and the Bank Bill, [62-63];
levees of, [65];
reëlected President, [66-67];
proclaims neutrality, [73];
sends Jay on mission to England, [79];
and the Whiskey Insurrection, [82-83];
censures Democratic Clubs, [83-84];
and the Jay Treaty, [86-88];
Farewell Address, [91-92];
appointed head of provisional army, [102].
Wasp, American sloop-of-war, [215].
Watauga settlement, [14].
Wayne, Anthony, wins battle of Fallen Timber, [80-81];
secures Treaty of Greenville, [87].
Webster, Daniel, on the principle of protection, [237];
on universal suffrage, [305];
and the Tariff of 1828, [330];
influence at the federal bar, [333];
counsel for Dartmouth College, [342].
Wellington, Duke of, 214, [228-29].
West, Benjamin, [285].
West, the, social aspects, [252], [299-300];
political aspects, [298], [303-04];
intellectual aspects, [300-01], [302];
religious aspects, [301-02];
education in, [302-03].
Western lands, speculation in, [26].
West Florida, claimed by the United States, [151], [158-59];
revolt in, [203-04];
annexed in part, [204].
Whiskey Insurrection, the, [81-83].
Whitney, Eli, [127].
Wilkinson, James, in Kentucky, [68];
his relation to Burr's conspiracy, [172-75], [177];
in the campaign of 1813, [218];
occupies West Florida, [219].
Wilson, James, in the Federal Convention, [31];
appointed Associate Justice, [54].
Wirt, William, [333], [345].
Wolcott, Oliver, [89].
Woolen manufacturing, beginnings of, [235];
after the War of 1812, [235-36].
X Y Z affair, [98-100].
Yazoo land controversy, [168-70], [342].

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