tree. The letters indicate the certain or probable date of earliest cultivation. For the species of the old world: A, a species cultivated for more than four thousand years (according to ancient historians, the monuments of ancient Egypt, Chinese works, and botanical and philological indications); B, cultivated for more than two thousand years (indicated in Theophrastus, found among lacustrine remains, or presenting various signs, such as possessing Hebrew or Sanskrit names); C, cultivated for less than two thousand years (mentioned by Dioscorides and not by Theophrastus, seen in the frescoes at Pompeii, introduced at a known date, etc.). For American species: D, cultivation very ancient in America (from its wide area and number of varieties); E, species cultivated before the discovery of America, without showing signs of a great antiquity of culture; F, species only cultivated since the discovery of America.

GENERAL TABLE OF SPECIES.

SPECIES NATIVE TO THE OLD WORLD.
Cultivated for the Subterranean Parts.
Name and duration.Date.Origin.
Radish—Raphanus sativus (1).B.Temperate Asia.[2177]
Horse-Radish—Cochlearia Armoracia, .C.Eastern temperate Europe.
Turnip—Brassica Rapa (2).A.Europe, western Siberia (?).
Rape—Brassica Napus (2).A.Europe, western Siberia (?).
Carrot—Daucus Carota (2).B.Europe, western temperate Asia (?).
Parsnip—Pastinaca sativa (2).C.Central and southern Europe.
Tuberous Chervil—Chærophyllum bulbosum (2).C.Central Europe, Caucasus.
Skirret—Sium Sisarum, .C.Altaic Siberia, northern Persia.
Madder—Rubia tinctorum, .B.Western temperate Asia, south-east of Europe.
Salsify—Tragopogon porrifolium (2). C. (?) South-east of Europe, Algeria.
Scorzonera—Scorzonera hispanica.C.South-west of Europe, south of the Caucasus.
Rampion—Campanula Rapunculus (2).C.Temperate and southern Europe.
Beet—Beta
vulg. (2),
.		.Vegetable.B.Canaries, Mediterranean basin, western temperate Asia.
Root.B.A result of cultivation.
Onion—Allium Cepa (2).B.Desert of the Kirghis, in western temperate Asia.
Garlic—Allium sativum, .A.Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Palestine (?).
Welsh Onion—Allium fistulosum, .C.Siberia (from the land of the Kirghis to Baikal).
Shallot—Allium ascalonicum, .C.Modification of A. cepa (?), unknown wild.
Rocambole—Allium Scorodopra sum, .C.Temperate Europe.
Chives—Allium Schænoprasum, .C.Temperate and northern Europe, Siberia, Khamschatka, North America (Lake Huron).
Taro—Colocasia antiquorum, .B.India, Malay Archipelago, Polynesia.
Apé—Alocasia macrorrhiza, .(?)Ceylon, Malay Archipelago, Polynesia.
Konjak—Amorphophallus Konjak, .(?)Japan (?).
Ya—Dioscorea sativa, .B. (?)Southern Asia [especially Malabar (?), Ceylon (?), [Java (?)].
Dioscorea Batatas, .B. (?)China (?).
Dioscorea japonica, .(?)Japan (?).
Dioscorea alata, .(?)East of the Asiatic Archipelago.
Cultivated for the Stems or Leaves.
1. Vegetables.
Cabbage—Brassica oleracea (1), (2), .A.Europe.
Chinese Cabbage—Brassica chinensis (2).(?)China (?), Japan (?).
Water-Cress—Nasturtium officinale, .(?)Europe, northern Asia.
Garden-Cress—Lepidium sativum (1).B.Persia (?).
Sea Kale—Crambe maritima, .C.Western temperate Europe.
Purslane—Portulaca oleracea (1).A.From the western Himalayas to southern Russia and Greece.
New Zealand Spinach—Tetragonia expansa (1).C.New Zealand and New Holland.
Garden Celery—Apium graveolens (2).B.Temperate and southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia.
Chervil—Anthriscus cerefolium (1).C.South-east of Russia, western temperate Asia.
Parsley—Petroselinum sativum (2).C.Southern Europe, Algeria, Lebanon.
Alexanders—Smyrnium Olus-atrum (2).C.Southern Europe, Algeria, western temperate Asia.
Corn Salad—Valerianella olitoria (1).C.Sardinia, Sicily.
Artichoke—Cynara
Cardunculus.
(2), .		Cardoon.C.Southern Europe, northern Africa, Canaries, Madeira.
Artichoke.C.Derived from the cardoon.
Lettuce—Latuca Scariola (1), (2).B.Southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia.
Wild Chicory—Cichorium Intybus, .C.Europe, northern Africa, western temperate Asia.
Endive—Cichorium Endivia (1).C.Mediterranean basin, Caucasus, Turkestan.
Spinach—Spinacia oleracea (1).C.Persia (?).
Orach—Atriplex hortensis (1).C.Northern Europe and Siberia.
Amaranth—Amarantus gangeticus (1).(?)Tropical Africa, India (?).
Sorrel—Rumex acetosa, (1).(?)Europe, northern Asia, mountains of India.
Patience Dock—Rumex patientia, .(?)Turkey in Europe, Persia.
Asparagus—Asparagus officinalis, .B.Europe, western temperate Asia.
Leek—Allium ampeloprasum, .B.Mediterranean basin.
2. Fodder.
Lucern—Medicago sativa, .B.Western temperate Asia.
Sainfoin—Onobrychis sativa, .C.Temperate Europe, south of the Caucasus.
French Honeysuckle—Hedysarum coronarium, .C.Centre and west of the Mediterranean basin.
Purple Clover—Trifolium pratense, .C.Europe, Algeria, western temperate Asia.
Alsike Clover—Trifolium hybridum, (1).C.Temperate Europe.
Italian Clover—Trifolium incarnatum (1).C.Southern Europe.
Egyptian Clover—Trifolium alexandrinum (1).C.Syria, Anatolia.
Ervilla—Ervum Ervilia (1).B.Mediterranean basin.
Vetch—Vicia sativa (1).B.Europe, Algeria, south of the Caucasus.
Flat-podded Pea—Lathyrus Cicera (1).B.From Spain and Algeria to Greece.
Chickling Vetch—Lathyrus sativus (1).B.South of the Caucasus.
Ochrus—Lathyrus ochrus (1).B.Italy, Spain.
Fenugreek—Trigonella fœnum-græcum (1).B.North-east of India and western temperate Asia.
Bird’s-Foot—Ornithopus sativus (1).B. (?)Portugal, south of Spain, Algeria.
Nonsuch—Medicago lupulina (1), (2).C.Europe, north of Africa (?), temperate Asia.
Corn Spurry—Spergula arvensis (1).B. (?)Europe.
Guinea Grass—Panicum maximum, . C. (?) Tropical Africa.
3. Various Uses.
Tea—Thea sinensis, .A.Assam, China, Mantschuria.
Flax anciently cultivated—Linum angustifolium, (2), (1).A.Mediterranean basin.
Flax now cultivated—Linum usitatissimum (1).A. (?)Western Asia (?), derived from the preceding (?).
Jute—Corchorus capsularis (1).C. (?)Java, Ceylon.
Jute—Corchorus olitorius (1).C. (?)North-west of India, Ceylon.
Sumach—Rhus coriaria, .C.Mediterranean basin, western temperate Asia.
Khât—Celastrus edulis, .(?)Abyssinia, Arabia (?).
Indigo—Indigofera tinctoria, .B.India (?).
Silver Indigo—Indigofera argentea, .(?)Abyssinia, Nubia, Kordofan, Senaar, India (?).
Henna—Lawsonia alba, .A.Western tropical Asia, Nubia (?).
Blue Gum—Eucalyptus globulus, .C.New Holland.
Cinnamon—Cinnamonum zeylanicum, .C.Ceylon, India.
China Grass—Bœhmeria nivea, , .(?)China, Japan.
Hemp—Cannabis sativa (1).A.Dahuria, Siberia.
White Mulberry—Morus alba, .A. (?)India, Mongolia.
Black Mulberry—Morus nigra, .B. (?)Armenia, northern Persia.
Sugar-Cane—Saccharum officinaram, .B.Cochin-China (?), south-west of China.
Cultivated for the Flowers or their Envelopes.
Clove—Carophyllus aromaticus, .(?)Moluccas.
Hop—Humulus lupulus, .C.Europe, western temperate Asia, Siberia.
Carthamine—Carthamus tinctorius (1).A.Arabia (?).
Saffron—Crocus sativus, .A.Southern Italy, Greece, Asia Minor.
Cultivated for the Fruits.
Shaddock—Citrus decumana, .B.Pacific Islands, to the east of Java.
Citron, Lemon—Citrus medica, .B.India.
Bitter Orange—Citrus Aurantium Bigaradia, .B.East of India.
Sweet Orange—Citrus Aurantium sinense, .C.China and Cochin-China.
Mandarin—Citrus nobilis, .(?)China and Cochin-China.
Mangosteen—Garcinia mangostana, .(?)Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula.
Ochro—Hibiscus esculentus (1).C.Tropical Africa.
Vine—Vitis vinifera, .A.Western temperate Asia, Mediterranean basin.
Common Jujube—Zizyphus vulgaris, .B.China.
Lotus Jujube—Zizyphus lotus, .(?)Egypt to Marocco.
Indian Jujube—Zizyphus Jujuba, .A. (?)Burmah, India.
Mango—Mangifera indica, .A. (?)India.
Tahiti Apple—Spondias dulcis, .(?)Society, Friendly, and Fiji Isles.
Raspberry—Rubus idæus, .C.Temperate Europe and Asia.
Strawberry—Fragaria vesca, .C.Temperate Europe and western Asia, east of North America.
Bird-Cherry—Prunus avium, .B.Western temperate Asia, temperate Europe.
Common Cherry—Prunus cerasus, .B.From the Caspian to western Anatolia.
Plum—Prunus domestica, .B.Anatolia, south of the Caucasus, north of Persia.
Plum—Prunus insititia, .(?)Southern Europe, Armenia, south of the Caucasus, Talysch.
Apricot—Prunus Armeniaca, .A.China.
Almond—Amygdalus communis, .A.Mediterranean basin, western temperate Asia.
Peach—Amygdalus Persica, .A.China.
Common Pear—Pyrus communis, .A.Temperate Europe and Asia.
Chinese Pear—Pyrus sinensis, .(?)Mongolia, Mantschuria.
Apple—Pyrus Malus, .A.Europe, Anatolia, south of the Caucasus.
Quince—Cydonia vulgaris, .A.North of Persia, south of the Caucasus, Anatolia.
Loquat—Eriobotrya japonica, .(?)Japan.
Pomegranate—Punica granatum, .A.Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan.
Rose Apple—Jambosa vulgaris, .B.Malay Archipelago, Cochin-China, Burmah, north-east of India.
Malay Apple—Jambosa malaccensis, .B.Malay Archipelago, Malacca.
Bottle Gourd—Cucurbita lagenaria (1).C.India, Moluccas, Abyssinia.
Spanish Gourd—C. maxima (1).C. (?)Guinea.
Melon—Cucumis Melo (1).C.India, Beluchistan, Guinea.
Water-Melon—Citrullus vulgaris (1).A.Tropical Africa.
Cucumber—Cucumis sativus (1).A.India.
West Indian Gherkin—Cucumis Anguria (1).C. (?)Tropical Africa (?).
White Gourd-Melon—Benincasa hispida (1).(?)Japan, Java.
Towel Gourd—Luffa cylindrica (1).C.India.
Angular Luffa—Luffa acutangula (1).C.India, Malay Archipelago.
Snake Gourd—Trichosanthes anguina (1).C.India (?).
Gooseberry—Ribes grossularia, .C.Temperate Europe, north of Africa, Caucasus, western Himalayas.
Red Currant—Ribes rubrum, .C.Northern and temperate Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, Himalayas, north-east of the United States.
Black Currant—Ribes nigrum, .C.Northern and central Europe, Armenia, Siberia, Mantschuria, western Himalayas.
Kaki—Diospyros Kaki, .(?)Japan, northern China.
Date Plum—Diospyros lotos, .(?)China, India, Afghanistan, Persia, Armenia, Anatolia.
Olive—Olea europea, .A.Syria, southern Anatolia and neighbouring islands.
Aubergine—Solanum melongena (1).A.India.
Fig—Ficus Carica, .A.Centre and south of the Mediterranean basin, from Syria to the Canaries.
Bread-Fruit—Artocarpus incisa, .(?)Sunda Isles.
Jack-Fruit—Artocarpus integrifolia, .B. (?)India.
Date-Palm—Phœnix dactylifera, .A.Western Asia and Africa, from the Euphrates to the Canaries.
Banana—Musa sapientum, .A.Southern Asia.
Oil Palm—Elæis guineensis, .(?)Guinea.
Cultivated for the Seeds.
1. Nutritive.
Litchi—Nephelium Litchi, .(?)Southern China, Cochin-China.
Longan—Nephelium longana, .(?)India, Pegu.
Rambutan—Nephelium lappaceum, .(?)India, Pegu.
Pistachio—Pistacia vera, .C.Syria.
Bean—Faba vulgaris (1).A.South of the Caspian (?).
Lentil—Ervum lens (1).A.Western temperate Asia, Greece, Italy.
Chick-Pea—Cicer arietinum (1).A.South of the Caucasus and of the Caspian.
Lupin—Lupinus albus (1).B.Sicily, Macedonia, south of the Caucasus.
Egyptian Lupin—Lupinus termis (1).A.From Corsica to Syria.
Field-Pea—Pisum arvense (1).C. (?)Italy.
Garden-Pea—Pisum sativum (1).B.From the south of the Caucasus to Persia (?) northern India (?).
Soy—Dolichos soja (1).A.Cochin-China, Japan, Java.
Pigeon-Pea—Cajanus indicus, .C.Equatorial Africa.
Carob—Ceratonia siliqua, .A. (?)Southern coast of Anatolia, Syria, Cyrenaica (?).
Moth—Phaseolus aconitifolius (1).C.India.
Three-lobed Kidney Bean—Phaseolus trilobus, (1).B.India, tropical Africa.
Green Gram—Phaseolus Mungo (1).B. (?)India.
Wall—Phaseolus Lablab, (1).B.India.
Lubia—Phaseolus Lubia (1).C.Western Asia (?).
Bambarra Ground Nut—Voandzeia subterranea (1).(?)Intertropical Africa.
Buckwheat—Fagopyrum esculentum (1).C.Mantschuria, central Siberia.
Tartary Buckwheat—Fagopyrum tartaricum (1).C.Tartary, Siberia to Dahuria.
Notch-seeded Buckwheat—Fagopyrum emarginatum (1).(?)Western China, eastern Himalayas.
Kiery—Amarantus frumentaceus (1).(?)India.
Chestnut—Castanea vulgaris, .(?)From Portugal to the Caspian Sea, eastern Algeria. Varieties: Japan, North America.
Wheat—Triticum vulgare and varieties (?), (1).A.Region of the Euphrates.
Spelt—Triticum spelta (1).A.Derived from the preceding (?).
One-grained Wheat—Triticum monococcum (1).(?)Servia, Greece, Anatolia (if the identity with the Triticum bœoticum be admitted).
Two-rowed Barley—Hordeum distichon (1).A.Western temperate Asia.
Common Barley—Hordeum vulgare (1).(?)Derived from the preceding (?).
Six-rowed Barley—Hordeum hexastichon (1).A.Derived from the preceding (?).
Rye—Secale cereale (1).B.Eastern temperate Europe (?).
Common Oats—Avena sativa (1).B.Eastern temperate Europe (?).
Eastern Oats—Avena orientalis (1).C. (?)Western Asia (?).
Common Millet—Panicum miliaceum (1).A.Egypt, Arabia.
Italian Millet—Panicum italicum (1).A.China, Japan, Indian Archipelago (?).
Sorghum—Holcus sorghum (1).A.Tropical Africa (?).
Sweet Sorghum—Holcus saccharatus (1).(?)Tropical Africa (?).
Coracan—Eleusine coracana (1).B.India.
Rice—Oryza sativa (1).A.India, southern China (?).
2. Various Uses.
Poppy—Papaver somniferum (1).B.Derived from _P. setiferum_ of the Mediterranean basin.
White Mustard—Sinapis alba (1).B.Temperate and southern Europe, north of Africa, western temperate Asia.
Black Mustard—Sinapis nigra (1).B.
Gold of Pleasure—Camelina sativa (1).B. (?)Temperate Europe, Caucasus, Siberia.
Herbaceous Cotton—Gossypium herbaceum, (1).B.India.
Tree Cotton—Gossypium arboreum, .B. (?)Upper Egypt.
Arabian Coffee—Coffea arabica, .C.Tropical Africa, Mozambique, Abyssinia, Guinea.
Liberian Coffee—Coffea liberica, .C.Guinea, Angola.
Sesame—Sesamum indicum (1).A.Sunda Isles.
Nutmeg—Myristica fragrans, .B.Moluccas.
Castor-Oil Plant—Ricinus communis, .A.Abyssinia, Sennaar, Kordofan.
Walnut—Juglans regia, .(?)Eastern temperate Europe, temperate Asia.
Black Pepper—Piper nigrum, .B.India.
Long Pepper—Piper longum, .B.India.
Medicinal Pepper—Piper officinalis, .B.Malay Archipelago.
Betel Pepper—Piper Betle, .B.Malay Archipelago.
Areca Nut—Areca Catechu, .B.Malay Archipelago.
Cocoa Nut—Cocos nucifera, .(?)Malay Archipelago (?), Polynesia (?).
SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORIGIN.
Cultivated for the Underground Parts.
Arracacha—Arracacha esculenta, (1).E.New Granada (?).
Jerusalem Artichoke—Helianthus tuberosus, .E. (?)North America (Indiana).
Potato—Solanum tuberosum, .E.Chili, Peru (?).
Sweet Potato—Convolvulus batatas, .D.Tropical America (where ?).
Manioc—Manihot utilissima, .E.East of tropical Brazil.
Arrowroot—Maranta arundinacea, .(?)Tropical (continental?) America.
Cultivated for the Stems or Leaves.
Maté—Ilex paraguariensis, .D.Paraguay and western Brazil.
Coca—Erythroxylon Coca, .D.East of Peru and Bolivia.
Quinine—Cinchona Calisaya, .F.Bolivia, southern Peru.
Crown Bark—Cinchona officinalis, .F.Ecuador (province of Loxa).
Red Cinchona Bark—Cinchona succirubra, .F.Ecuador (province of Cuenca).
TobaccoNicotiana Tabacum (1).D.Ecuador and neighbouring countries.
Nicotiana rustica (1).E.Mexico(?), Texas(?), California(?).
American Aloe—Agave americana, .E.Mexico.
Cultivated for the Fruits.
Sweet Sop—Anona squamosa, .(?)West India Isles.
Sour Sop—Anona muricata, .(?)West India Isles.
Custard Apple—Anona reticulata, .(?)West India Isles, New Granada.
Chirimoya—Anona Cherimolia, .E.Ecuador, Peru (?).
Mammee Apple—Mammea americana, .(?)West India Isles.
Cashew Nut—Anacardium occidentale, .(?)Tropical America.
Virginian Strawberry—Fragaria virginiana, .F.Temperate North America.
Chili Strawberry—Fragaria chiloensis, .F.Chili.
Guava—Psidium guayava, .E.Continental tropical America.
Pumpkin and Squash—Cucurbita Pepo and Melopepo (1).E.Temperate North America.
Prickly Pear—Opuntia ficus indica, .E.Mexico.
Chocho—Sechium edule (1).E.Mexico (?), Central America.
Star-Apple—Chrysophyllum Caïnito, .E.West India Isles, Panama.
Caïmito—Lucuma Caïmito, .E.Peru.
Marmalade Plum—Lucuma mammosa, .E.Valley of the Orinoco.
Sapodilla—Sapota achras, .E.Campeachy, Isthmus of Panama, Venezuela.
Persimmon—Diospyros virginiana, .F.Eastern States of America.
Annual Capsicum—Capsicum annuum (1).E.Brazil (?).
Shrubby Capsicum—Capsicum frutescens, .E.From the east of Peru to Bahia.
Tomato—Lycopersicum esculentum (1).E.Peru.
Avocado Pear—Persea gratissima, .E.Mexico.
Papaw—Papaya vulgaris, .E.West Indies, Central America.
Pine-Apple—Ananassa sativa, .E.Mexico, Central America, Panama, New Granada, Guiana (?), Bahia (?).
Cultivated for the Seeds.
1. Nutritious.
Cacao—Theobroma Cacao, .D.Amazon and Orinoco Valley, Panama (?), Yucatan (?).
Sugar Bean—Phaseolus lunatus, .E.Brazil.
Quinoa—Chenopodium quinoa (1).E.New Granada, Peru (?), Chili (?).
Maize—Zea mays (1).D.New Granada (?).
2. Various Uses.
Arnotto—Bixa orellana.D.Tropical America.
Barbados Cotton—Gossypium barbadense, .(?)New Granada (?), Mexico (?), West Indies.
Earth Nuts—Arachis hypogæa (1).E.Brazil (?).
Madia—Madia sativa (1).E.Chili, California.
Cryptogam Cultivated for the Whole Plant.
Mushroom—Agaricus campestris, .C.Northern hemisphere.

Common Haricot—Phaseolus vulgaris (1).
Musk Gourd—Cucurbita moschata (1).
Fig-leaved Gourd—Cucurbita ficifolia,

.