[3] Howitt, ut supra, pp. 511, 513.
[4] Hale, U.S. Exploring Expedition, p. 410. 1846.
[5] Howitt, ut supra, p. 89.
[6] Op. cit., p. 89.
[7] There are exceptions, or at least one exception is known to the rule of animal names for phratries, a point to which we shall return. Dr. Roth (N.W. Central Queensland Aborigines, p. 56) suggests that the phratry names Wutaru and Pakuta mean One and Two (cf. p. 26). For Wutaru and Yungaru, however, interpretations indicating names of animals are given, diversely, by Mr. Bridgman and Mr. Chatfield, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, pp. 40, 41.
[8] That reckoning descent in the female line, among totemists, is earlier than reckoning in the male line, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Tylor, Dr. Durkheim, and Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, with Mr. J. G. Frazer, till recently, are agreed. Starcke says "usually the female line only appears in connection with the Kobong (totem) groups," and he holds the eccentric opinion that totems are relatively late, and that the tribes with none are the more primitive! (The Primitive Family, p. 26, 1896.) This writer calls Mr. Howitt "a missionary."
[9] That this is the case will be proved later; the fact has hitherto escaped observation.
[10] Frazer, Totemism, p. 6l. Morgan, Ancient Society, pp. 90, 94 et seq.
[11] Native Tribes of South-East Australia. Macmillan, 1904.
[12] Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 640. For examples, pp. 528-535.