The vertical mill has a considerable advantage, in being more easily washed; and it can be readily and cheaply mounted in wooden framing; but the great labour of feeding the vertical mill, renders it nearly inapplicable to any higher power than that of about ten horses. In situations where the moving power is a windmill, or a cattle gin, the vertical mill may be preferred.

The scale of produce of such mills varies according to the climate and soil. In Demerara, a well constructed engine and mill will produce about 100 gallons of liquor per hour for each horse power.

The dimensions of the most approved horizontal mills are these:—

Horse-
power
of
Engine.		Length
of
Rollers.		Diameter
of
Rollers.
ft.in.inches.
84025
104627
124828

The surface speed of the rollers is 3·4 or 3·6 feet per minute; and to provide for the varying resistance arising from irregular feeding, or the accidental crossing of the canes, by which the engine is often brought up so suddenly as to break the fly-wheel shaft, it is necessary to make both the shaft and the fly-wheel of unusual strength and weight.

Sugar is manufactured in the East Indies by two distinct classes of persons; the ryots, who raise the sugar cane, extract its juice, and inspissate it to a syrupy consistence; and the goldars, who complete the conversion into sugar.

The ryots are the farmers, or actual cultivators of the soil; but, properly speaking, they are merely peasants, toiling under oppressive landlords, and miserably poor. After they cut the canes, they extract the juice by one or other of the rude mills or mortars presently to be described, and boil it down to an entire mass, which is generically called goor, without making any attempt to clarify it, or separate the granular sugar from the uncrystallizable molasses. This goor is of various qualities; one of which, in most common use for making sugar, is known amongst the English settlers under the name of jaggery. There is a caste in Ceylon, called jaggeraros, who make sugar from the produce of the Caryota urens, or Kitul tree; and the sugar is styled jaggery. Sugar is not usually made in Ceylon from the sugar cane; but either from the juice of the Kitul, from the Cocos nucifera, or the Borassus flabelliformis (the Palmyra tree).

Several sorts of cane are cultivated in India.