WATERING OF STUFFS (Moirage, Fr.); is a process to which silk and other textile fabrics are subjected, for causing them to exhibit a variety of undulated reflections, and plays of light. It is produced by sprinkling water upon the goods, and then passing them through a calender, either with cold or hot rollers, plain or variously indented.
WATER-PROOF CLOTH. See [Caoutchouc], and [Gelatine].
A patent was obtained, in August, 1830, by Mr. Thomas Hancock, for rendering textile fabrics impervious to water and air, by spreading the liquid juice of the caoutchouc tree upon the surfaces of the goods, and then exposing them to the air to dry. It does not appear that this project has been realized in our manufactures.
Mr. William Simpson Potter proposes, in his patent, of April, 1835, to render fabrics water-proof by imbuing them with a solution of isinglass, alum, and soap, by means of a brush applied to the wrong side of the cloth, distended upon a table. After it is dry, it must be brushed on the wrong side, against the grain. Then the brush is to be dipped in clean water, and passed lightly over the cloth. The gloss caused by the above application can be taken off by brushing the goods when they are dry. Cloth so prepared is said to be impervious to water, but not to air.
I have examined woollen cloth now on sale in a shop in the Strand, which may be breathed through with the greatest facility, but which retains water upon its surface, as is evinced by a body of water standing upon a concave piece of it tied over a show-glass in the window.
Mr. Sievier’s plan of rendering cloth water-proof, for which he obtained a patent in December, 1835, consists in spreading over it, with a brush, a solution of India rubber in spirits of turpentine, at one or more applications, and then applying a similar solution mixed with acetate of lead, litharge, sulphate of zinc, gum mastic, or other drying material. He next takes wool, or other textile material, cut into proper lengths, and spreads it upon the surface of the fabric varnished in this manner, for the purpose of forming the nap or pile. He then presses the cloth by means of rollers, or brushes, so as to fix the nap firmly to its surface.
WATERS, MINERAL—Table I. Analyses of the principal Mineral Waters of Germany.
| Grains of Anhydrous Ingredients in One Pound Troy. | Carlsbad. | ms. | Schlesi- scher. Obersalz- brunnen. | Marien- bad. Kreutzbr. | Auscho- witz. Ferdi- nands- brunnen. | Eger. Franzens- brunnen. | Pyr- mont. | Spa. Pouhon. | Fach- ingen. | Geilnau. | Seltzer. | Seid- schutz. | Püllna. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbonate of Soda | 7 | ·2712 | 8 | ·0625 | 6 | ·1133 | 5 | ·3499 | 4 | ·5976 | 3 | ·8914 | 0 | ·5531 | 12 | ·3328 | 4 | ·9658 | 4 | ·6162 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lithia | 0 | ·0150 | 0 | ·0405 | 0 | ·0127 | 0 | ·0858 | 0 | ·0507 | 0 | ·0282 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Baryta | 0 | ·0022 | 0 | ·0014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Strontia | 0 | ·0055 | 0 | ·0080 | 0 | ·0165 | 0 | ·0028 | 0 | ·0040 | 0 | ·0023 | 0 | ·0144 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lime | 1 | ·7775 | 0 | ·8555 | 1 | ·7497 | 2 | ·9509 | 3 | ·0085 | 1 | ·3501 | 4 | ·7781 | 0 | ·7387 | 1 | ·8667 | 2 | ·2279 | 1 | ·4004 | 5 | ·1045 | 0 | ·5775 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesia | 1 | ·0275 | 0 | ·5915 | 1 | ·4107 | 2 | ·0390 | 2 | ·2867 | 0 | ·5040 | 0 | ·8425 | 1 | ·2983 | 1 | ·6282 | 1 | ·5000 | 0 | ·8235 | 4 | ·8045 | ||||||||||||||
| Do. (Proto) of Manganese | 0 | ·0048 | 0 | ·0028 | 0 | ·0288 | 0 | ·0692 | 0 | ·0322 | 0 | ·0364 | 0 | ·0389 | 0 | ·0032 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto (Proto) of Iron | 0 | ·0208 | 0 | ·0120 | 0 | ·0480 | 0 | ·1319 | 0 | ·2995 | 0 | ·1762 | 0 | ·3213 | 0 | ·2813 | 0 | ·0095 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sub-Phos. of Lime | 0 | ·0012 | 0 | ·0172 | 0 | ·0102 | 0 | ·0061 | 0 | ·0007 | 0 | ·0117 | 0 | ·0026 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Alumina | 0 | ·0019 | 0 | ·0014 | 0 | ·0045 | 0 | ·0040 | 0 | ·0092 | 0 | ·0110 | 0 | ·0064 | 0 | ·0020 | 0 | ·0088 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Sulphate of Potassa | 0 | ·4050 | 0 | ·2220 | 0 | ·0314 | 0 | ·0598 | 0 | ·2154 | 0 | ·2978 | 3 | ·6705 | 3 | ·6000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Soda | 14 | ·9019 | 2 | ·2095 | 28 | ·5868 | 16 | ·9022 | 18 | ·3785 | 1 | ·6092 | 0 | ·0289 | 0 | ·1267 | 0 | ·0315 | 17 | ·6220 | 92 | ·8500 | ||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lithia | 0 | ·0067 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lime | 5 | ·0265 | 1 | ·1287 | 1 | ·9500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Strontia | 0 | ·0154 | 0 | ·0347 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesia | 2 | ·3684 | 62 | ·3535 | 69 | ·8145 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nitr. of Magnesia | 5 | ·9302 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chlor. of Potassium | 0 | ·0338 | 0 | ·2685 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Sodium | 5 | ·9820 | 5 | ·7255 | 0 | ·8752 | 10 | ·1727 | 6 | ·7472 | 6 | ·9229 | 0 | ·3371 | 3 | ·2337 | 0 | ·4072 | 12 | ·9690 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesium | 0 | ·8450 | 1 | ·2225 | 14 | ·7495 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fluoride of Calcium | 0 | ·0184 | 0 | ·0014 | 0 | ·0013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alumina | 0 | ·0023 | 0 | ·0185 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Silica | 0 | ·4329 | 0 | ·3104 | 0 | ·2531 | 0 | ·2908 | 0 | ·5023 | 0 | ·3548 | 0 | ·3727 | 0 | ·3739 | 0 | ·0657 | 0 | ·2021 | 0 | ·2265 | 0 | ·0900 | 0 | ·1320 | ||||||||||||
| Total | 31 | ·4606 | 16 | ·0525 | 12 | ·9152 | 49 | ·6417 | 34 | ·4719 | 31 | ·6670 | 15 | ·4221 | 3 | ·2691 | 18 | ·9300 | 9 | ·6966 | 21 | ·2982 | 98 | ·0133 | 188 | ·4806 | ||||||||||||
| Carbonic Acid Gas in 100 cubic inches | 58 | 51 | 98 | 105 | 146 | 154 | 160 | 136 | 135 | 163 | 126 | 20 | 7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Temperature (F.) |
|
| 58° | 53° | 46° | 53° | 56° | 50° | 50° | 51° | 58° | 58° | 58° | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Analyzed by | Berzelius. | Struve. | Struve. | Berzelius. | Steinmann. | Berzelius | Struve. | Struve. | Bischoff. | Struve. | Struve. | Struve. | Struve. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grains of Anhydrous Ingredients in One Pound Troy. | Carlsbad. | ms. | Schlesi- scher. Obersalz- brunnen. | Marien- bad. Kreutzbr. | Auscho- witz. Ferdi- nands- brunnen. | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbonate of Soda | 7 | ·2712 | 8 | ·0625 | 6 | ·1133 | 5 | ·3499 | 4 | ·5976 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lithia | 0 | ·0150 | 0 | ·0405 | 0 | ·0127 | 0 | ·0858 | 0 | ·0507 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Baryta | 0 | ·0022 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Strontia | 0 | ·0055 | 0 | ·0080 | 0 | ·0165 | 0 | ·0028 | 0 | ·0040 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lime | 1 | ·7775 | 0 | ·8555 | 1 | ·7497 | 2 | ·9509 | 3 | ·0085 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesia | 1 | ·0275 | 0 | ·5915 | 1 | ·4107 | 2 | ·0390 | 2 | ·2867 | ||||||||||||
| Do. (Proto) of Manganese | 0 | ·0048 | 0 | ·0028 | 0 | ·0288 | 0 | ·0692 | ||||||||||||||
| Ditto (Proto) of Iron | 0 | ·0208 | 0 | ·0120 | 0 | ·0480 | 0 | ·1319 | 0 | ·2995 | ||||||||||||
| Sub-Phos. of Lime | 0 | ·0012 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Alumina | 0 | ·0019 | 0 | ·0014 | 0 | ·0045 | 0 | ·0040 | ||||||||||||||
| Sulphate of Potassa | 0 | ·4050 | 0 | ·2220 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Soda | 14 | ·9019 | 2 | ·2095 | 28 | ·5868 | 16 | ·9022 | ||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lithia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Lime | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Strontia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nitr. of Magnesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chlor. of Potassium | 0 | ·0338 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ditto of Sodium | 5 | ·9820 | 5 | ·7255 | 0 | ·8752 | 10 | ·1727 | 6 | ·7472 | ||||||||||||
| Ditto of Magnesium | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fluoride of Calcium | 0 | ·0184 | 0 | ·0014 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Alumina | 0 | ·0023 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Silica | 0 | ·4329 | 0 | ·3104 | 0 | ·2531 | 0 | ·2908 | 0 | ·5023 | ||||||||||||
| Total | 31 | ·4606 | 16 | ·0525 | 12 | ·9152 | 49 | ·6417 | 34 | ·4719 | ||||||||||||
| Carbonic Acid Gas in 100 cubic inches | 58 | 51 | 98 | 105 | 146 | |||||||||||||||||
| Temperature (F.) |
|
| 58° | 53° | 46° | |||||||||||||||||
| Analyzed by | Berzelius. | Struve. | Struve. | Berzelius. | Steinmann. | |||||||||||||||||