A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines / containing a clear exposition of their principles and practice - Andrew Ure

Years.	Ores.	Metal.		Value of Ore.			Metal.		Average Standard.
	Tons of 21 Cwts	Tons.	Cwt.				Per Cent. of Ore.		Price per Ton.
				£	s.	d.			£	s.	d.
1800	55,981	5187	0	550,925	0	0	9	¹⁄₄	133	3	6
1801	56,611	5268	0	476,313	0	0	9	¹⁄₄	117	8	0
1802	53,937	5228	15	445,094	0	0	9	⁵⁄₈	110	18	0
1804	64,637	5374	18	507,840	11	0	8	³⁄₈	136	5	0
1806	79,269	6863	10	730,845	6	0	8	⁵⁄₈	138	5	0
1808	67,867	6795	13	495,303	10	0	10		100	7	0
1810	66,048	5682	19	570,035	8	0	8	¹⁄₂	132	5	0
1812	71,547	6720	7	549,665	6	0	9	³⁄₈	111	0	0
1814	74,322	6369	13	627,501	10	0	8	¹⁄₂	130	12	0
1816	77,334	6697	4	447,959	17	0	8	⁵⁄₈	98	13	0
1818	86,174	6849	7	686,005	4	0	7	⁷⁄₈	134	15	0
1820	91,473	7508	0	602,441	12	0	8	¹⁄₈	113	15	0
1822	104,523	9140	8	663,085	13	0	8	³⁄₄	104	0	0
1824	99,700	7823	15	587,178	0	0	7	⁷⁄₈	110	0	0
1826	117,308	9026	12	788,971	15	0	7	⁵⁄₈	123	3	0
1828	130,366	9921	1	756,174	16	0	7	⁵⁄₈	112	7	0
1829	124,502	9656	10	717,334	0	0	7	³⁄₄	109	14	0
1830	143,296	11,224	19	887,900	0	0	7	³⁄₄	114	4	0
1834	150,617	12,271	14	893,402	15	0	8	¹⁄₈	106	11	0
1835	150,617	12,271	14	893,402	15	0	8	¹⁄₈	106	11	0

Produce of Copper Mines in Cornwall, (on the authority of John Taylor, Esq. F.R.S.)

Years.	Ore.	Metal.	Value.			Produce.		Standard.
	Tons.	Tons.	£.	s.	d.	Per Cwt.
1831	144,402	12,044	806,090	15	6	8	¹⁄₄	100
1832	137,357	11,948	825,612	6	0	8	⁵⁄₈	100
1833	138,300	11,191	858,708	10	0	8	¹⁄₈	111
1834	143,296	11,226	887,902	0	0	7	³⁄₄	114
1835	150,617	12,270	893,402	14	0	8	¹⁄₈	106
1836	140,981	11,647	957,752	8	6	8	¹⁄₄	115
1837	140,753	10,832	908,613	15	0	7	⁵⁄₈	120

An account of the quantities of Foreign wrought and unwrought Copper, and Copper Ore imported and exported, and of British wrought and unwrought Copper exported from the United Kingdom; together with the quantities and value of Copper Ore smelted in Cornwall and Swansea, and the quantity of Copper produced in those places; and in the county of Devon; together with the market prices of sheet and cake Copper, in the year ending 5th January, 1835.

		Quan- tity.			Value.
Foreign Copper imported:—					£	s.	d.
Unwrought in bricks or pigs, rose and cast copper	Cwts.		5,389
Part wrought, viz., bars, rods, or ingots, hammered or raised			1,968
Wrought plates and coin			2
Wr — htold for re-manufacture			493
Copper ore Foreign			278,900
Manufactures of copper, entered by weight			650
Manufactur — f copper, entered at value		—			5,353	0	0
Foreign Copper exported, viz.:—
Unwrought, in bricks and pigs, rose and cast copper	Cwts.		6,898
Part wrought, viz., bars, rods, or ingots, hammered or raised			2,013
Old, fit only for re-manufacture			265
Smelted in the United Kingdom from foreign ore			55,456
Manufactures of copper, entered by weight			650
Manufactur — f copper, entered at value		—			112	0	0

BRITISH COPPER.
Exported, unwrought, in bricks and pigs	Cwts.		63,252
E—rtedwrought sheets, nails, &c.			103,433
Exported, —ughtwire			56
Exported, —ughtof other sorts			15,197
E—rtedTotal of British copper exported			182,225
Ores sold in Cornwall:—
Quantity of ore	Tons		150,617
Value of ditto		—			893,403	0	0
Quantity of metal	Tons		12,270
Standard		—			106	11	0
Produce per cent.			8	¹⁄₂
Ores sold, &c. in Swansea:—
Quantity of ore	Tons		28,746
Value of ditto		—			223,958	0	0
Quantity of metal	Tons		2,832
Standard		—			101	18	0
Produce per cent.			9	⁷⁄₈
Copper sold in Devonshire {oremetal}	Tons	{	5,114455
Total quantity of copper raised in the United Kingdom, exclusive of Anglesea and Staffordshire, and deducting 1083 tons of metal, value 88,207l., the produce of 4985 tons of foreign ore sold at Swansea, included above.		14,474

COPPERAS. (Couperose verte, Fr.; Eisenvitriol, Germ.) [Sulphate of iron].

CORAL, (Corail, Fr.; Koralle, Germ.) is a calcareous substance, formed by a species of sea polypus, which constructs in concert immense ramified habitations, consisting of an assemblage of small cells, each the abode of an animal. The coral is therefore a real polypary, which resembles a tree stripped of its leaves. It has no roots, but a foot not unlike a hemispherical skull-cap, which applies closely to every point of the surface upon which it stands, and is therefore difficult to detach. It merely serves as a basis or support to the coral, but contributes in no manner to its growth, like the root of an ordinary tree; for detached pieces have been often found at the bottom of the sea in a state of increase and reproduction. From the above base a stem usually single proceeds, which seldom surpasses an inch in diameter, and from it a small number of branches ramify in very irregular directions, which are studded over with cells, each containing an insect. The polypi, when they extend their arms, feelers, or tentacula, resemble flowers, whence, as well as from the form of the coral, they were classed among vegetable productions. They are now styled zoophytes by the writers upon Natural History.

The finest coral is found in the Mediterranean. It is fished for upon the coasts of Provence, and constitutes a considerable branch of trade at Marseilles. The coral is attached to the submarine rocks, as a tree is by its roots, but the branches, instead of growing upwards, shoot downwards towards the bottom of the sea; a conformation favourable to breaking them off and bringing them up. For this kind of fishing, eight men, who are excellent divers, equip a felucca or small boat, called commonly a coralline. They carry with them a large wooden cross, with strong, equal, and long arms, each bearing a stout bag-net. They attach a strong rope to the middle of the cross, and let it down horizontally into the sea, having loaded its centre with a weight sufficient to sink it. The diver follows the cross, pushes one arm of it after another into the hollows of the rocks, so as to entangle the coral in the nets. Then his comrades in the boat pull up the cross and its accompaniments.