| 1836. | 1837. | |
|---|---|---|
| lbs. | lbs. | |
| From the British possessions in America | 1,346,220 | 1,041,434 |
| Fro—the Bdo.h possedo.ns in>East Indies | 43,404,058 | 34,060,055 |
| Fro—the United States of America | 287,346,721 | 309,027,306 |
| Fro—the Brazil | 26,879,779 | 20,822,509 |
| Fro—the Egypt | 5,184,743 | 7,465,774 |
| Otherwise imported | 6,789,603 | 5,602,602 |
| Total | 370,951,124 | 378,019,680 |
| £ | £ | |
| The Exports of Cotton Manufactures | 18,511,692 | 13,625,464 |
| The export—of CottonYarn | 6,120,366 | 6,953,467 |
COURT PLASTER, is a considerable object of manufacture. It is made as follows:
Black silk is strained and brushed over ten or twelve times with the following preparation:—Dissolve 1⁄2 an ounce of balsam of benzoin in 6 ounces of rectified spirits of wine; and in a separate vessel dissolve 1 ounce of isinglass in as little water as may be. Strain each solution, mix them, and let the mixture rest, so that any undissolved parts may subside; when the clear liquid is cold it will form a jelly, which must be warmed before it is applied to the silk. When the silk coated with it is quite dry, it must be finished off with a coat of a solution of 4 ounces of China turpentine in 6 ounces of tincture of benzoin, to prevent its cracking.[22]
[22] Paris’s Pharmacologia.
CRAPE. (Crêpe, Fr.; Krepp, Germ.) A transparent textile fabric, somewhat like gauze, made of raw silk, gummed and twisted at the mill. It is woven with any crossing or tweel. When dyed black, it is much worn by ladies as a mourning dress. Crapes are crisped (crepés) or smooth; the former being double, are used in close mourning, the latter in less deep. White crape is appropriate to young unmarried females, and to virgins on taking the veil in nunneries. The silk destined for the first is spun harder than for the second; since the degree of twist, particularly of the warp, determines the degree of crisping which it assumes after being taken from the loom. It is for this purpose steeped in clear water, and rubbed with prepared wax. Crapes are all woven and dyed with the silk in the raw state. They are finished with a stiffening of gum water.
Crape is a Bolognese invention, but has been long manufactured with superior excellence at Lyons in France, and Norwich in England. There is now a magnificent fabric of it at Yarmouth, by power-loom machinery.
There is another kind of stuff, called crepon, made either of fine wool, or of wool and silk, of which the warp is twisted much harder than the weft. The crepons of Naples consist altogether of silk.
CRAYONS. (Eng. and Fr.; Pastelstifte, Germ.) Slender, soft, and somewhat friable cylinders, variously coloured for delineating figures upon paper, usually called chalk drawings. Red, green, brown, and other coloured crayons, are made with fine pipe or china clay paste, intimately mixed with earthy or metallic pigments, or in general with body or surface colours, then moulded and dried. The brothers Joel, in Paris, employ as crayon cement the following composition: 6 parts of shell-lac, 4 parts of spirit of wine, 2 parts of turpentine, 12 parts of a colouring powder, such as Prussian-blue, orpiment, whitelead, vermillion, &c., and 12 parts of blue clay. The clay being elutriated, passed through a hair sieve, and dried, is to be well incorporated by trituration with the solution of the shell-lac in the spirit of wine, the turpentine, and the pigment; and the doughy mass is to be pressed in proper moulds, so as to acquire the desired shape. They are then dried by a stove heat.
In order to make cylindrical crayons, a copper cylinder is employed, about 2 inches in diameter, and 11⁄2 inches long, open at one end, and closed at the other with a perforated plate, containing holes corresponding to the sizes of the crayons. The paste is introduced into the open end, and forced through the holes of the bottom by a piston moved by a strong press. The vermicular pieces that pass through are cut to the proper lengths, and dried. As the quality of the crayons depends entirely upon the fineness of the paste, mechanical means must be resorted to for effecting this object in the best manner. The following machine has been found to answer the purpose exceedingly well.