Orange. [Annotto], and mixtures of red and yellow dyes; subchromate of lead.
Brown. See the remarks at the beginning of this article; [Brown] in its alphabetical place; [Calico Printing], [Catechu], and [Manganese].
Fawn, Dun or Root. [Walnut peels], [sumach], birch tree, henna, [sandal wood]. See [Calico Printing], for a great variety of these dyes.
[Fig. 364.] and [365.] represent in a cross and longitudinal section the automatic dyeing steam copper, so generally employed in the well-appointed factories of Lancashire.
A is the long reel, composed at each end of six radial iron arms or spokes, bound at their outer extremities with a six-sided wooden frame; these two terminal hexagons are connected by long wooden laths, seen above and below A in [fig. 365.] F shows the sloping border or ledge of the copper. B and C are rollers laid horizontally, for facilitating the continuous motion of the series of pieces of goods stitched together into an endless web, which are made to travel by the incessant rotations of the reel. Immediately above the roller B in [fig. 364.], all the spare foldings of the web are seen resting upon the sloping wooden grating, which guides them onwards in the direction indicated by the arrow. The dye stuffs are put within the middle grating, like a hen-coop, marked G. Each copper is 6 feet long, 31⁄2 feet wide, 31⁄2 feet deep, exclusive of the top ledge, 9 inches high. Such steam coppers are usually erected in pairs, and moved by a common horizontal bevel wheel seen at D in [fig. 365.], fixed upon a vertical shaft, shifted into geer by a wheel at its top, with one of the driving shafts of the factory. Upon each side of D, the two steam pipes for supplying the right and left hand coppers are seen; each provided with a stop cock for admitting, regulating, or cutting off the steam. These steam pipes descend at E E, the horizontal branch having several orifices in its upper surface. The horizontal shaft in a line with the axes of the reels, and which turns them, is furnished upon each side with a clutch for putting either of the reels into or out of geer, that is to say, setting it a going, or at rest, in a moment by the touch of a forked lever.
The steam pipe of distribution E lies horizontally near the bottom of the middle coop, as shown under G in [fig. 364.], and sends up the steam through its numerous orifices, among the dye-stuffs and water by which it is covered. Thus the infusion or decoction is continually advancing in the copper, during the incessant loco-motion of the endless web. The horizontal pipe traverses the copper from end to end, and is not stopped short in the middle. Each of these coppers can receive two, three or more parallel pieces of goods at a time, the reel and copper being divided into so many compartments by transverse wooden spars.