| Liquids denser than Water. | Less dense than Water. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| De- grees. | Spe- cific gravi- ty. | De- grees. | Spe- cific gravi- ty. | De- grees. | Spe- cific gravi- ty. | De- grees. | Spe- cific gravi- ty. | De- grees. | Spe- cific gravi- ty. |
| 0 | 1·0000 | 26 | 1·2063 | 52 | 1·5200 | 10 | 1·0000 | 36 | 0·8488 |
| 1 | 1·0066 | 27 | 1·2160 | 53 | 1·5353 | 11 | 0·9932 | 37 | 0·8439 |
| 2 | 1·0133 | 28 | 1·2258 | 54 | 1·5510 | 12 | 0·9865 | 38 | 0·8391 |
| 3 | 1·0201 | 29 | 1·2358 | 55 | 1·5671 | 13 | 0·9799 | 39 | 0·8313 |
| 4 | 1·0270 | 30 | 1·2459 | 56 | 1·5833 | 14 | 0·9733 | 40 | 0·8295 |
| 5 | 1·0340 | 31 | 1·2562 | 57 | 1·6000 | 15 | 0·9669 | 41 | 0·8249 |
| 6 | 1·0411 | 32 | 1·2667 | 58 | 1·6170 | 16 | 0·9605 | 42 | 0·8202 |
| 7 | 1·0483 | 33 | 1·2773 | 59 | 1·6344 | 17 | 0·9542 | 43 | 0·8156 |
| 8 | 1·0556 | 34 | 1·2881 | 60 | 1·6522 | 18 | 0·9480 | 44 | 0·8111 |
| 9 | 1·0630 | 35 | 1·2992 | 61 | 1·6705 | 19 | 0·9420 | 45 | 0·8066 |
| 10 | 1·0704 | 36 | 1·3103 | 62 | 1·6889 | 20 | 0·9359 | 46 | 0·8022 |
| 11 | 1·0780 | 37 | 1·3217 | 63 | 1·7079 | 21 | 0·9300 | 47 | 0·7978 |
| 12 | 1·0857 | 38 | 1·3333 | 64 | 1·7273 | 22 | 0·9241 | 48 | 0·7935 |
| 13 | 1·0935 | 39 | 1·3451 | 65 | 1·7471 | 23 | 0·9183 | 49 | 0·7892 |
| 14 | 1·1014 | 40 | 1·3571 | 66 | 1·7674 | 24 | 0·9125 | 50 | 0·7849 |
| 15 | 1·1095 | 41 | 1·3694 | 67 | 1·7882 | 25 | 0·9068 | 51 | 0·7807 |
| 16 | 1·1176 | 42 | 1·3818 | 68 | 1·8095 | 26 | 0·9012 | 52 | 0·7766 |
| 17 | 1·1259 | 43 | 1·3945 | 69 | 1·8313 | 27 | 0·8957 | 53 | 0·7725 |
| 18 | 1·1343 | 44 | 1·4074 | 70 | 1·8537 | 28 | 0·8902 | 54 | 0·7684 |
| 19 | 1·1428 | 45 | 1·4206 | 71 | 1·8765 | 29 | 0·8848 | 55 | 0·7643 |
| 20 | 1·1515 | 46 | 1·4339 | 72 | 1·9000 | 30 | 0·8795 | 56 | 0·7604 |
| 21 | 1·1603 | 47 | 1·4476 | 73 | 1·9241 | 31 | 0·8742 | 57 | 0·7656 |
| 22 | 1·1692 | 48 | 1·4615 | 74 | 1·9487 | 32 | 0·8690 | 58 | 0·7526 |
| 23 | 1·1783 | 49 | 1·4758 | 75 | 1·9740 | 33 | 0·8639 | 59 | 0·7487 |
| 24 | 1·1875 | 50 | 1·4902 | 76 | 2·0000 | 34 | 0·8588 | 60 | 0·7449 |
| 25 | 1·1968 | 51 | 1·4951 | 35 | 0·8538 | 61 | 0·7411 | ||
ARGILLACEOUS EARTH. The earth of clay, called in chemistry alumina, because it is obtained in greatest purity from alum.
ARGOL. Crude [tartar]; which see.
ARMS. Weapons of war. See [Fire-Arms] for an account of this manufacture.
ARRACK. A kind of intoxicating beverage made in India, by distilling the fermented juice of the cocoa-nut, the palmyra tree, and rice in the husk.
ARROW ROOT. The root of the maranta arundinacea, a plant which grows in the West Indies, furnishes, by pounding in mortars and elutriation through sieves, a peculiar species of starch, commonly but improperly called arrow root. It is reckoned more nourishing than the starch of wheat or potatoes, and is generally also freer from peculiar taste or flavour. The fresh root consists, according to Benzon, of 0·07 of volatile oil; 26 of starch (23 of which are obtained in the form of powder, while the other 3 must be extracted from the parenchyma in a paste by boiling water); 1·58 of vegetable albumen; 0·6 of a gummy extract; 0·25 of chloride of calcium; 6 of insoluble fibrine; and 65·6 of water.
The import duty upon arrow root from our own colonies, is 1s. per cwt.; from foreign parts, 2d. per lib. In 1835, 987,966 lbs. were imported, of which only 6267 were exported; leaving 895,406 for home consumption. The total revenue derived that year from arrow root, was 518l. See [Starch].
ARSENIC. This metal occurs native, in the state of oxide, and also combined with sulphur under the improper name of yellow and red arsenic, or orpiment and realgar. Arsenic is associated with a great many metallic ores; but it is chiefly extracted from those of cobalt, by roasting, in which case the white oxide of arsenic, or, more correctly, the arsenious acid is obtained. This acid is introduced occasionally in small quantities into the materials of flint glass, either before their fusion, or in the melting pot. It serves to peroxidize the iron oxide in the sand, and thereby to purify the body of the glass; but an excess of it makes the glass milky.
Scheele’s green is a combination of this arsenious acid with oxide of copper, or an arsenite of copper, and is described under this metal.
Arseniate of potash is prepared, in the small way, by exposing to a moderate heat in a crucible, a mixture of equal parts of white arsenic and nitre in powder. After fusion, the crucible is to be cooled; the contents being dissolved in hot water, and the solution filtered, will afford regular crystals on cooling. According to M. Berzelius, they are composed of arsenic acid, 63·87; potash, 26·16; and water, 9·97. It is an acidulous salt, and is hence usually called the binarseniate, to denote that its composition is 2 atoms of arsenic acid, and 1 of potash. This article is prepared upon the great scale, in Saxony, by melting nitre and arsenious acid together in a cylinder of cast-iron. A neutral arseniate also is readily formed, by saturating the excess of acid in the above salt with potash; it does not crystallize. The acid arseniate is occasionally used in calico printing, for preventing certain points of the cotton cloth from taking on the mordant; with which view it is mixed up with gum water and pipe clay into a paste, which is applied to such places with a block.