Cassell's History of England, Vol. 1 (of 8) / From the Roman Invasion to the Wars of the Roses

by Anonymous

• Acre, Crusaders at, [226];
• Edward's arrival at, [320].
• Ælfgar, [72].
• Ælla, [27].
• Agincourt, The Field of, [556].
• Agricola's governorship, [14].
• Alcuin, [92].
• Alderman, [26].
• Aldred crowning William I., [108];
• death, [112].
• Alexius, Emperor, and the Crusaders, [139];
• reception of Godfrey, [145];
• attacks Raymond, [146].
• Alfred, Accession of, [39];
• in the neat-herd's hut, [42];
• a wanderer, [42];
• defeats the Danes, [42];
• work and character, [44].
• Alfred, son of Ethelred, [67].
• Alod, [34].
• Alphege, Murder of, [60];
• bones removed to Canterbury, [65].
• Angles, [25].
• Anglesea invaded by Paulinus, [11];
• by Agricola, [14];
• taken from the Welsh, [129].
• Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (map), [37].
• Anlaff entering the Humber, [48];
• struggles for the crown, [50].
• Anselm, Archbishop, [126];
• returns to England, [154];
• dispute with Henry I., [157];
• death, [158].
• Architecture, English and Norman, [83];
• transition from Norman to Gothic, [315];
• Early English style, [315];
• Decorated style of, [498].
• Artevelde, Jacob van, [405];
• slain, [413].
• Artevelde, Philip van, defeated at Rosbecque, [460];
• seeks English aid, [461].
• Arthur, [27];
• his burial place, [31];
• mythical nature of, [253].
• Arthur, Richard's heir, [251];
• his misfortunes, [252];
• supported by Philip, [255];
• his fate, [256];
• murder, [257].
• Arundel, Earl of, arrested, [472];
• executed, [474].
• Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, impeached, [474];
• appointed to the see of St. Andrews, [477];
• at Henry IV.'s accession, [484].
• Ashdon, Battle of, [63].
• Athelstan, Conspiracy against, [47];
• his death and character, [50].
• Audley, Lord, Death of, [442].
• Augustine settles at Canterbury, [29].
• Aylesford, Battle of, [27].
• Bacon, Roger, Work of, [492].
• Baldwin elected King of Edessa, [149];
• King of Jerusalem, [151].
• Ball, John, [452];
• joins Wat Tyler's insurrection, [455].
• Balliol, Edward, crowned, [398];
• contract with Edward III., [428].
• Balliol, John, takes the oath of homage to Edward I., [334];
• claim to the throne supported by Edward, [335];
• obsequiousness, [340];
• sent to England, [342];
• death, [348];
• founder of Balliol College, [490].
• Bannockburn, Battle of, [372].
• Barbour, John, [496].
• Barons, Rapine of the, [170];
• disputes with John, [265];
• at St. Edmondsbury, [266];
• declare war against John, [267];
• at Runnymede, [268];
• desert Louis, [278];
• their lawlessness, [280];
• opposition to Peter of Winchester, [283];
• contempt for Henry III., [288];
• demands from Henry III., [298];
• their ambition, [299];
• encroach upon the royal authority, [300];
• dissensions among, [302];
• terms of peace, [305];
• resist the award of Louis, [306];
• oath and allegiance to Edward, [314];
• greater and lesser, [361];
• demand Piers Gaveston's banishment, [366];
• growing power under Edward II., [369];
• rise against the Despensers, [377];
• more conquests from the Crown, [385].
• Battle Abbey, [83].
• Bayeux Tapestry, [104].
• Beaufort, Cardinal, [578];
• character of, [586];
• impeached, [587];
• and Margaret of Anjou, [603];
• death, [604].
• Beaufort's, Joan, influence on James of Scotland, [581].
• Beaugé, Battle of, [572].
• Becket, Thomas, Ambassador to the French court, [184];
• accompanies Henry II. to Toulouse, [186];
• parentage and early career, [187];
• his magnificence, [188];
• compels the clergy to pay scutage, [189];
• appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, [190];
• flies, [191];
• interview with the king, [194];
• returns to England, [195];
• murdered, [196].
• Bede, [91].
• Bedford, Duke of, Regent, [551];
• Regent of France, [576];
• suggests James of Scotland's release, [581];
• defeats Buchan in France, [582];
• desertions from, [585];
• leaves France, [586];
• marries Jacquetta of Burgundy, [598];
• death, [599].
• Berkeley Castle, Edward II. in, [384].
• Bernicia, Kingdom of, [27].
• Berwick attacked by Edward I., [340];
• burnt, [534].
• Bigod, Hugh, Earl of Norfolk, revolts, [170];
• protects Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, [177].
• Bigod, Roger, Earl of Norfolk, denies England's subjection to Rome, [292].
• Bills of Exchange, [507].
• Black Agnes, [400].
• Black Death, The, [426].
• Black Prince, The, born, [393];
• accompanies his father to France, [414];
• at the battle of Creçy, [419];
• bravery, [419];
• ravages in France, [428];
• courtesy to King John, [431];
• assists Don Pedro, [439];
• indignation at Charles, [440];
• returns to England, [443];
• death and character, [446].
• Blondel, Story of, [243].
• Boadicea, [11];
• addressing her troops, [13];
• her death, [14].
• "Boar's Head," The, [543].
• Bookland, [34].
• Boroughbridge, Battle of, [378].
• Bouvines, Battle of, [266].
• Brabançons, Expulsion of, [182].
• Bramham Moor, Engagement at, [536].
• Brenneville, Battle of, [162].
• Bretigny, Peace of, [437].
• Britain, Conquest of, by the Angles, [26].
• Britannia, Prima, [18];
• Secunda, [18].
• Britons, Character of the, [2].
• Bruce, Edward, invited to Ireland, [375];
• slain at Fagher, [376].
• Bruce, Robert, taken prisoner, [307];
• claim to the Scottish throne, [332];
• takes the oath and homage to Edward I., [334].
• Bruce, Robert, the younger, swears fidelity to Edward I., [344];
• deserts Wallace, [345];
• becomes the Scottish leader, [355];
• contract with Lamberton, [356];
• wife and daughter captured at Tain, [357];
• his growing power, [371];
• disposition of his Forces at Bannockburn, [372];
• release of his wife and daughter, [375];
• death and character, [391];
• last orders, [392].
• Bruges, Truce of, [444].
• Brunanburgh, Battle of, [49].
• Burford, Battle of, [30], [32].
• Caen, Treaty of, [127];
• Edward III. at, [414].
• Cæsar, Julius, preparing to invade Britain, [5];
• his departure and return, [7].
• Calais, Siege of, [420];
• an English colony, [426].
• Cambridge Colleges, Founding of, [491].
• Cambridge, Richard, Earl of, executed, [552].
• Camulodunum, Capture of, [7];
• recaptured by Britons, [12].
• Candles, [100].
• Canterbury Cathedral, [213].
• "Canterbury Tales," [497].
• Canterbury, Wat Tyler at, [455];
• founding of the Cathedral, [29];
• Becket's murder in, [196].
• Canute proclaimed king, [61];
• attacks London, [63];
• meeting with Edmund Ironside, [63];
• marries Emma, [65];
• a pilgrim to Rome, [66].
• Canute, the Younger, claims the crown, [117].
• Caractacus, [8];
• before Claudius, [10];
• defeated and sent to Rome, [10].
• Carlisle, Fortress built at, [128].
• Carnarvon, Charter granted to, [328];
• castle fortified, [330].
• Cassivelaunus, [7].
• Ceawlin, [27], [31].
• Cedwalla, [31].
• Celibacy enforced on the clergy, [158].
• Cenwealh, [31].
• Cenwulf, [30].
• Ceolric, [31].
• Ceolwulf, [31].
• Ceorl, [26].
• Cerdic, [27].
• Charmouth, Battle of, [38].
• Chartres, Siege of, [574].
• Chaucer, [492].
• Chester, Earl of, defeats the Welsh, [129].
• Chivalry, Institution of, [132].
• Christian prisoners massacred by Saladin, [228].
• Christian refugees in Britain, [16].
• Christianity in England, [29].
• Church, Position of the, under the Saxon Kings, [36];
• power of the, [486];
• schism in the, [559].
• Clarendon, Constitutions of, [190].
• Clergy, Crimes of the, [189].
• Clergy, Oppressions of the, [348].
• Clermont, Council at, [137].
• Clocks, [510].
• Coal, [507].
• Cobham, Lord, and the Lollards, [546];
• execution of, [563].
• Coin, clipped, and the Jews, [323];
• Coinage, gold, issue of a, [507].
• Coin, Export of, forbidden, [506].
• Commerce in the 14th century, [506].
• Commons, The growing power of the, [449];
• animosity to Lancaster, [450].
• Compass, Invention of the, [508].
• Compurgation, [34].
• Comyn, regent of Scotland, [352];
• submits to Edward, [354];
• treachery and death, [357].
• Conrad, King of Jerusalem, [231].
• Constantine, [16].
• Constantius, [15].
• Cornwall, Earl of, Regent, [319].
• Coronation Chair and Stone of Destiny, [341].
• Corsned, [35].
• Courtrai, Flemish victory at, [351].
• Crayford, Battle of, [27].
• Creçy, English army at, [416];
• French army, [418];
• description of the battle, [419].
• Cressingham, Hugh de, appointed treasurer of Scotland, [343];
• death, [346].
• Crévant, Siege of, [579].
• Crusade, The first, [138];
• its fate, [140].
• Crusades, Second and Third, [219];
• causes of the, [132].
• Crusaders raising the Standard of the Cross on the walls of Jerusalem, [151];
• dissensions among the, [230].
• Cumberland ceded to Scotland, [51].
• Curia Regis founded, [167].
• Cymric, [27].
• Cynegils, [31].
• Danegeld, [58];
• renewed by Harthacanute, [67];
• remitted, [170].
• Danes, Character of the, [38];
• their perfidy [58];
• massacred, [58].
• Danish invasions, [38];
• settlements in Ireland, [48];
• invasions, third period, [57].
• Dauphin, Title of, [428].
• David II. of Scotland invades England, [422];
• captured at Neville's Cross, [422];
• a prisoner, [432];
• death, [433].
• De Heretico Comburendo, [544], [546].
• Deira, Kingdom of, [28].
• Denham, Battle of, [27].
• Despenser, Edward II.'s favourite, [377].
• Despenser, Hugh le, deposed, [302];
• restored, [305].
• Devizes Castle, Surrender of, [172].
• Domesday Book, [118].
• Domestic Buildings, 14th century, [502].
• Dominicans, The, [488].
• Doorways, Norman, [215];
• Gothic, [316];
• of the Decorated Style, [500].
• Douglas, Lord James, leads the Scots into England, [388];
• attacks the English camp, [390];
• carries Bruce's heart to Jerusalem, [391].
• Dover Castle Pharos, [19].
• Drama in the 14th century, [514].
• Dress in Early England, [99].
• Druid Temples, [4].
• Druidism, [3].
• Dublin captured, [201].
• Du Guesclin defeats de Buch, [438];
• set over the French companies, [439].
• Duke, Title of, [448].
• Duns Scotus, Learning of, [494].
• Dunstan, [51];
• separating Edwy and Elgiva, [54];
• favoured by Edgar, [54];
• his miracles, [55];
• death, [57].
• Dupplin Moor, Battle of, [398].
• Eadbald, [29].
• Earl's Barton Church, [86].
• Earn, Battle near the, [398].
• East Anglia, [27];
• a Danish kingdom, [39].
• Edgar Atheling, [65];
• sent for, [74];
• elected king, [107];
• seeks refuge in Scotland, [110];
• Henry's prisoner, [159].
• Edgar rowed on the Dee by eight tributary princes, [54];
• becomes king, [54].
• Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, [54].
• Edington, Battle of, [43].
• Edmund, [50];
• his death, [51].
• Edmund Ironside, [62].
• Edred, [51].
• Education, State of, 14th century, [488].
• Edward I. deposes his father, [300];
• his fidelity, [302];
• repulses Prince Llewelyn, [303];
• taken prisoner by Leicester, [305];
• defeats Simon de Montfort, [308];
• prepares to go to the Holy Land, [311];
• accession, [319];
• attempt to murder, [320];
• grief at his father's death, [321];
• arrives in England, [323];
• quarrel with Llewelyn, [326];
• reforms in Wales, [328];
• settles a dispute respecting Sicily, [330];
• designs upon Scotland, [332];
• decides in favour of Balliol, [335];
• cruelty to the Jews, [336];
• marches upon Scotland, [340];
• successes, [342];
• defeats Wallace, [347];
• sets sail for Flanders, [348];
• coalition against, [350];
• concessions to the barons, [351];
• marriage with Margaret, the sister of Philip, [351];
• returns to Scotland, [352];
• offers a reward for Wallace's head, [354];
• prepares to avenge Comyn's death, [358];
• death and character, [359];
• his statutes, [360];
• demands from the clergy, [487].
• Edward II., marriage with Isabella, [351], [366];
• favouritism, [364];
• recalls Gaveston, [367];
• flies from the Earl of Lancaster, [370];
• grief at Gaveston's death, [371];
• invades Scotland, [372];
• flight from Bannockburn, [375];
• besieges Berwick, [376];
• makes a favourite of Despenser, [377];
• recalls the Spensers, [378];
• starts for France, [380];
• deposed, [383];
• his death, [384].
• Edward III. advances against the Scots, [389];
• marries Philippa of Hainault, [391];
• assumes the government, [395];
• invests Berwick, [398];
• claims the French throne, [399];
• prepares to invade France, [405];
• returns to England for funds, [406];
• deserted by his allies, [407];
• pecuniary troubles, [408];
• captures Caen, [414];
• after Creçy, [420];
• treatment of the citizens of Calais, [424];
• expedition into Scotland, [428];
• releases David II. of Scotland, [433];
• again invades France, [437];
• growing infirmities, [444];
• his jubilee, [446];
• deserted and dies, [447];
• his family, [448].
• Edward the Confessor's accession, [68];
• rupture with Godwin, [69];
• his peaceful reign, [78];
• death, [78].
• Edward the Elder, [46];
• becomes lord of all England, [47].
• Edward the Martyr, [55].
• Edwin of Deira, [29].
• Edwin goes to Normandy, [108];
• rises against the Conqueror, [110];
• flies, [113].
• Edwy, [52];
• death, [54].
• Egbert, [30];
• ascends the throne, [32].
• Eleanor's devotion to Edward I., [320].
• Elgiva's death, [54].
• Ellandune, Battle of, [33].
• Eltham Palace, [446].
• Ely Cathedral, [315].
• England, the kingdoms of, [27].
• England in the 14th century, [509].
• Eorl, [26].
• Eostre, [26].
• Essex, Kingdom of, [27].
• Essex, Revolt in, [454].
• Ethel, [34].
• Ethelbald, King of Mercia, [30];
• Ethelbald, King of Wessex, [39].
• Ethelbert, [29];
• Ethelbert buys off the Danes, [39].
• Ethelfrith, [28].
• Ethelred I., [39].
• Ethelred the Unready, [57];
• leaves England, [60];
• recalled, [61];
• death, [62].
• Ethelwulf, [38].
• Eustace, Count of Boulogne, captures Bishop Odo, [125];
• joins the Crusades, [141];
• rejected as his father Stephen's successor, [177];
• opposition to Henry Plantagenet, [179].
• Evesham, Battle of, [308].
• Exchequer, Court of, [362].
• Exton, Sir Piers, and Richard II., [485], [520].
• Fairs, [506].
• Falkirk, Battle of, [347].
• Falstaff, Sir John, [543].
• Fines under the Saxon Kings, [35].
• Fitz-Osbert, Longbeard, [246].
• Fitz-Stephen lands in Ireland, [201].
• Fitz-Walter chosen leader of the barons, [267].
• Flemings imported into England, [161];
• expedition of the, [182];
• forbidden to trade in England, [323];
• support Edward III., [405].
• Flint Castle attacked, [327];
• Arrival of Richard II. at, [482].
• Folkland, [34].
• Foss, [23].
• France, War with, [119];
• War with, declared, [340];
• peace arranged, [351];
• English conquests in, [421];
• the Peasants' war in, [435];
• conditions of peace with, [437];
• renewed war with England, [442];
• disturbed state, [548];
• renewal of the war with, [605].
• Franciscans, The, [488].
• Frank-pledge, [34];
• renewed, [167].
• Frea, [26].
• "Free Companies," [434];
• attempts to get rid of, [439].
• Galgacus, [15].
• Garter, Order of the, [426].
• Gascoigne, Judge, [534].
• Gaunt, John of. (See Lancaster.)
• Gefolge, [26].
• Geoffrey Plantagenet, [166].
• Gesith, [26].
• Gisors, Battle at, [249].
• Gloucester, Duke of, and the king, [464];
• opposes the king's marriage, [471];
• seized, [472];
• sudden death, [474].
• Gloucester, Duke of, Regent of England, [576];
• dispute with the Parliament, [577].
• Gloucester, Earl of, opposes the dictum de Kenilworth, [311];
• regent, [319];
• hint to Bruce, [357].
• Godfrey of Boulogne and the Crusades, [140];
• and Hugh of Vermandois, [142];
• elected King of Jerusalem, [151].
• Godiva, Lady, [71].
• Godwin, Earl of Wessex, [65];
• and Alfred's death, [67];
• supports Edward, [68].
• Gothic architecture, [314].
• Gourdon, Adam, [310].
• Gower, John, Poems of, [496].
• Great Council, The, [361].
• Greek Fire, [151].
• Griffith of Wales, [72].
• Grosseteste, Robert, Papal bull to, [486];
• as a theologian, [491];
• and music, [505].
• Gunpowder, [492].
• Guthrum, [43].
• Haco of Norway defeated by Alexander III., [331].
• Hadrian's Wall, [15].
• Hale's, Sir Robert, house attacked by rioters, [454].
• Halidon Hill, Battle of, [399].
• Harold, Godwin's son, [71];
• his piety, [72];
• his accession, [74];
• his oath to William, [78];
• searching for his body, [83].
• Harold Hardrada, [79].
• Harthacanute, [67].
• Hastings, Battle of, [82].
• Hastings, the Danish leader, [43].
• Hawarden Castle attacked, [326].
• Hengist, [27].
• Henry of Monmouth, and Glendower, [534], [538];
• character, [543].
• (See Henry V.)
• Henry of Winchester, compact with Matilda, [173];
• gives his support to Stephen, [174];
• quits the country, [183].
• Henry I.'s accession, [152];
• marriage, [155];
• peace arranged with Robert, [157];
• dispute with the Church, [158];
• seeks to dispossess his brother of Normandy, [159];
• invades Wales, [161];
• loses his son, [164];
• family dissensions, [166].
• Henry II., coronation and early policy, [182];
• claims Nantes, [183];
• marches on Toulouse, [186];
• marries his eldest son to Louis VII.'s daughter, [187];
• friendship with Becket, [188];
• rupture with Becket, [190];
• accused of being Becket's murderer, [196];
• swears his innocence, [198];
• designs upon Ireland, [199];
• recalls his subjects from that country, [201];
• sails thither, [202];
• rupture with his eldest son, [203];
• reconciliation with his sons, [206];
• death of his eldest son, [207];
• attempts to divorce Eleanor, [208];
• death and character, [210].
• Henry III. appointed his father's heir, [276];
• crowned, [277];
• confided to the Earl of Pembroke, [278];
• declared of age by a Papal bull, [280];
• war with Louis VIII., [282];
• oppresses the Jews, [289];
• partiality to Italians, [291];
• accepts the crown of Sicily for his son Edmund, [292];
• frequent violations of the great charter, [294];
• sarcasm to the prelates, [295];
• intimidated by the barons, [298];
• absolved from his oath to observe the provisions of Oxford, [302];
• proposes a treaty with the barons, [305];
• taken prisoner by Leicester, [307];
• at the battle of Evesham, [310];
• death, [312].
• Henry IV., Coronation of, [515];
• dealing with his opponents, [516];
• conspiracy against, [518];
• its failure, [519];
• marches upon Scotland, [522];
• marches against Glendower, [523];
• offends Hotspur, [526];
• another conspiracy against, [527];
• at the Battle of Shrewsbury, [529];
• seizes the son of the King of Scotland, [531];
• in Wales, [535];
• domestic difficulties, [536];
• aids Burgundy and Orleanists, [540];
• declining years, [542];
• death, [543];
• family, [544].
• (See Hereford, Duke of.)
• Henry V. prosecutes Lord Cobham, [546];
• designs upon France, [548];
• demands from the French king, [550];
• Conspiracy to murder, [551];
• reply to the French Envoy, [555];
• at Agincourt, [558];
• campaigning in Normandy, [562];
• enters Rouen, [566];
• his demands of the French king, [567];
• at Sens, [571];
• returns to England, [572];
• losses at Meaux, [574];
• death, [575];
• personal appearance, [576].
• Henry VI. crowned at Paris, [598];
• character, [602];
• marriage, [603];
• his debts, [608].
• Heptarchy, The, [29].
• Hereford, Duke of, Conversation with Norfolk, [475];
• Treachery of, [476];
• banished, [476];
• wrath at the king, [478];
• return to England, [479].
• (See Henry IV.)
• Hereford, Earl of, disobeys the king, [348];
• slain, [378].
• Hereward, "England's Darling," [113].
• Herrings, Battle of the, [588].
• Hide of land, [34].
• Holy Land, Pilgrims to the, [135].
• Homildon Hill, Battle of, [525].
• Horsa, [27].
• Hotspur at the battle of Shrewsbury, [529];
• slain, [530].
• House-carls, [65].
• House of Commons created, [360].
• House of Lords, [363].
• Hubblelaw, [42].
• Hubblestain, [42].
• Hubert de Burgh, [274];
• defeats the French fleet, [279];
• justiciary, [280];
• thrown off by Henry III., [287].
• Hundred, The, [26], [34].
• Hussites, Origin of the, [462].
• Interdict, England under an, [259];
• removed, [266];
• London under an, [273].
• Interest in the 14th century, [508].
• Ireland, [14];
• early inhabitants, [199];
• state of, [470];
• Richard II. in, [471].
• (See Strongbow.)
• Irish chiefs, submission of to Richard II., [471].
• Isabella marries Edward II., [366];
• insults to her, [378];
• goes over to France, [379];
• intrigues against the king, [380];
• lands, [382];
• decline of her popularity, [384].
• Jack Straw, [454].
• Jacquerie, The, [435].
• Jaffa captured by Richard I., [230].
• James I. of Scotland in France with Henry, [573];
• character, [581];
• crowned, [582].
• Jane de Montfort at Hennebont, [411].
• Japers, [94].
• Jargeau, Siege of, [593].
• Jerusalem, Procession of crusaders round the walls of, [150];
• attacked, [150];
• first king of, [151].
• Jester, [94].
• Jews, Extortion from the, [208];
• massacre of, [218];
• persecution of, [236];
• persecuted by Edward I., [323];
• banished, [335].
• "Jews' parliament," The, [289].
• Joan of Arc before King Charles, [590];
• her successes, [592];
• her trial, [595];
• her surrender, [595].
• John, King of France, [427];
• challenges Edward, [428];
• refuses terms of peace with, at Poitiers, [430];
• surrenders, [431];
• released, [437].
• John's possessions, [221];
• schemes, [239];
• offers to replace Longchamp, [242];
• receives notice of Richard's release, [246];
• assumes the crown, [252];
• seizes Isabella of Angoulême, [254];
• murder of Prince Arthur, [257];
• losses in France, [258];
• quarrel with the Pope, [259];
• in Ireland and Wales, [260];
• submits to the Pope, [262];
• restores the bishops, [263];
• struggle with the barons, [265];
• supported by the Pope against the barons, [267];
• assent to Magna Charta, [268];
• his cruelty, [272];
• his death, [275].
• Jus Latii, [18].
• Justiciar, [167].
• Jutes, [25].
• Kent, Earl of, entrapped by Mortimer, [392];
• condemned to death, [393].
• Kent, Earl of, favoured by Richard II., [472].
• Kent, Insurrection of the men of, [454].
• Kent, Kingdom of, [27].
• Kiblene, Battle of, [400].
• Kilkenny, The statute of, [471].
• King's Bench Court, [362].
• "King's Quhair," [581].
• Knight, Character of the, [132].
• Knights of St. John, [151].
• Knights Templars, Order of the, [151];
• abolished, [386].
• Knights of St. John receive the property of the Knights Templars, [387].
• Laet, [26].
• Lancaster, Duke of, John of Ghent, [443];
• marries, [443];
• growing power in England, [444];
• espouses the cause of Wycliffe, [446];
• retires to Kenilworth, [449];
• the Commons, jealousy of, [450];
• his house burnt, [457];
• and the Lollards, [462];
• suspected of treason, [463];
• campaigns in Spain, [464];
• death, [478].
• Lancaster, Henry of (Hereford), claims the crown, [483];
• becomes king, [484].
• Land-owning under the Saxons, [34].
• Lanfranc succeeds Stigand, [112];
• supports William II., [123];
• death, [126].
• Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, [264];
• ordered by the Pope not to oppose John, [267].
• Languedoc, The people of, [186].
• Laws, Earliest English code of, in existence, [31].
• Laws of the Saxon kings, [35].
• Law schools of the fourteenth century, [491].
• Lays, Victory of, [331].
• Leofric of Mercia, [71].
• Lewes, battle of, [307].
• Ligulf, [116].
• Lincoln, Siege of, [173].
• Lindisfarne, The See of, [30].
• Liofa, [51].
• Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, a vassal to the English crown, [303];
• defeated by Edward I., [326];
• renews the conflict, [326];
• slain, [327].
• Lochleven Castle, Siege of, [399].
• Logic, Fourteenth century, [489].
• Lollards, [462], [471];
• persecuted by Henry V., [547];
• and the Scots, [563].
• Londinium, First mention of, [12].
• London in the eleventh century, [154];
• interdicted, [273];
• its wealth, [291];
• in the hands of Wat Tyler, [457];
• schools of the fourteenth century, [491].
• Longchamp arrests Pudsey, [238];
• disputes with John, [239];
• summoned to appear before the barons, [240];
• deposed, [241];
• flight, [242];
• searches for Richard, [243].
• Louis VII. of France divorces Eleanor, [178];
• his fears of Henry II., [184];
• protects Becket, [191];
• indignation at Becket's murder, [196].
• Louis, son of Philip, offered the English throne, [273];
• enters London, [274];
• defeated, [279].
• Louis IX., conciliatory mediation of, [301];
• differences between the barons and the king submitted to, [305];
• death, [319].
• Lyons, Council at, [292].
• Macbeth, [66];
• murders Duncan, [71].
• Mad Parliament, The, [298].
• Madoc, the Welsh leader, [339].
• Magna Charta, Groundwork of, [153];
• granting of, [268];
• evils it remedied, [270];
• ratified, [295];
• alterations, [378].
• Malcolm Canmore restored, [71];
• invades England, [127];
• slain at Alnwick, [128];
• family of, [153];
• devotion to Margaret, [330].
• Malcolm IV., [330].
• Maltravers, [384], [393].
• Manny, Sir Walter, at Hennebont, [411];
• at Calais, [424].
• Manuscripts, Early English, [91].
• March, Earl of, title to the throne, [515];
• capture by Glendower, [523];
• the king refuses to ransom him, [527];
• freed, [546];
• friendship for Henry V., [551];
• intercepts the Scots, [524].
• Margaret, Queen of Scots, [65].
• Mark, The, [26].
• Marquis, Title of, [448].
• Martyrs in Britain, Early, [16].
• Matilda supports Robert, [118].
• Matilda's lineage, [153];
• crowned, [155];
• marriage, [155];
• death, [161].
• Matilda's (Henry's daughter) betrothal, [160];
• appointed heir to the throne, [165];
• marriage, [166];
• contest with Stephen, [172];
• interview with Queen Maud, [173];
• driven from London, [174];
• flight from Winchester, [175].
• McMurrough refuses to submit to Richard II., [479].
• Medicine, Fourteenth century, [490].
• "Merchant Strangers," [507].
• Merchants of the Staple, [507].
• Mercia, [29].
• "Merciless Parliament," The, [467].
• Merlin, Stories of, [253];
• prophecies, [326].
• Merton, Synod at, [487].
• Metaphysics, Fourteenth century, [489].
• "Mile Castles," [22].
• Minstrels in the Middle Ages, [503].
• Mint Wall, Lincoln, [20].
• "Miracle-plays," [514].
• Monkwearmouth, [85].
• Mons, Siege of, [585].
• Montfort, Earl of Leicester, revolts, [295];
• complaints against his marriage, [296];
• calls the nobles together, [298];
• enters an alliance with Llewelyn, [303];
• defeats the King, [307];
• slain, [310];
• character of his parliament, [362].
• Moot, [34].
• Morcar goes to Normandy, [108];
• rises against the Conqueror, [110];
• flies, [113].
• Mortimer, Roger, conspires against the King, [379];
• intimacy with Isabella, [380];
• his power, [388];
• makes peace with Bruce, [390];
• quarrel with Lancaster, [391];
• condemned, [394].
• Mortimer, Sir Edmund, defeated by Glendower, [523].
• Mortimer, Sir Thomas, outlawed, [474].
• Mortmain, [360].
• Mowbray, Earl, arrested, [534].
• Music, Early English, [93].
• Music in the 14th century, [502].
• Navy in the 14th century, [508].
• Nesbit Moor, [524].
• Neville's Cross, Battle of, [422].
• New Forest, The, [118];
• calamities in, [131].
• Newcastle, Founding of, [117].
• "Noble," The, [507].
• Nominalists, [489].
• Norfolk, Duke of, banished, [476];
• death, [477].
• Norham, Conference at, [333].
• Norman Invasion, The, [79];
• its effects, [104].
• Norman opposition to Henry's marriage with Matilda, [155].
• Norman architecture, [212];
• the three periods, [214].
• Normandy, William II.'s successes in, [127];
• restored to the French, [258];
• ceded to France, [302];
• (Lower), in Henry V.'s possession, [563].
• Normans and English, at Court, Jealousy between, [69];
• early history, [75].
• Northallerton, Battle of, [171].
• Northampton, Council of, [190].
• Northampton, Parliament at, [390].
• Northumberland, Earl of, suspected, [130].
• Northumberland, Earl of, his offer to Richard II., [482];
• deserts Lancaster, [483];
• offended at Henry IV., [526];
• and the battle of Shrewsbury, [530];
• estates confiscated, [534];
• killed, [536].
• Northumbria, [27];
• becomes Christian, [30].
• Ockham, William of, [494].
• Ockhamists, [489].
• Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, [108];
• aims at the Papacy, [119];
• against William II., [123];
• leaves England, [126];
• joins the Crusaders, [141].
• Offa, [39];
• his dyke, [30].
• Oldcastle, Sir John (see Cobham, Lord).
• Ordeal, [34].
• Orleans, Siege of, [587];
• liberated, [602].
• Oswulf, ruler of Northumbria, [51].
• Otho, Constitutions of, [486].
• Otterburn, Battle of, [468].
• Owen Glendower's revolt, [522];
• declares himself Prince of Wales, [523];
• receives Mortimer's daughter, [527];
• applies to France for aid, [534];
• his end, [538].
• Oxford Colleges, Founding of, [490].
• Oxford, Provisions of, [299];
• annulled by Louis IX., [306].
• Painting in the 14th century, [502].
• Palmer, origin of the term, [135].
• Paris, Anarchy in, [549];
• triumphal entry of Henry V. into, [571].
• Parliament refuses supplies, [293];
• first, representing cities and boroughs, [308];
• annual assembling decreed, [386];
• grants Edward III. funds, [406];
• The "Good," [446];
• growing power of, under Edward III., [447];
• subserviency to Richard II., [475];
• at Gloucester, [451];
• dispute with Gloucester, [577];
• of bats, [587].
• Pedro of Castile, [439].
• Pen Selwood, Battle of, [63].
• Penda, [30];
• defeats Cenwealh, [31].
• Pepin, [92].
• Percies, The, and the Scots, [524];
• revolt against the king, [526];
• in Scotland, [527];
• save the king, [529].
• (See Northumberland and Hotspur.)
• Perpendicular style of architecture, [502].
• Perth burnt, [347];
• blockaded, [398].
• Peter the Hermit, [135].
• Pevensey Castle captured by William II., [123];
• Duke of York in, [531].
• Philippa of Flanders sent to Paris as a hostage, [349].
• Philippa, Queen, defeats the Scots, [422];
• joins Edward at Calais, [423];
• pleads for the citizens, [424].
• Philip II. of France and Henry II.'s sons, [207];
• banishes the Jews, [218];
• compact with Richard I., [221].
• Philip Augustus of France sails for Acre, [225];
• prepares to invade Normandy, [242];
• at war with Richard, [246], [247];
• defeated at Gisors, [249];
• opposes John, [252];
• prepares to invade England, [261];
• loses his fleet, [263];
• confederacy against, [266].
• Philip VI. of France summons Edward III. to do homage for Guienne, [403];
• collects a fleet, [406];
• challenged by Edward to single combat, [407];
• at Creçy, [419];
• seeks aid from Scotland, [422];
• at the relief of Calais, [423];
• death, [427].
• Picts, [16], [27].
• Piers Gaveston, Edward II.'s favourite, [364];
• marries the king's niece, [366];
• banished, [367];
• appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, [367];
• sentenced to death, [370].
• "Piers Plowman," [496].
• Pinhoe, Battle of, [58].
• Poitiers, Battle of, [430].
• Pole, Sir Michael de la, excites the king, [463];
• in prison, [466];
• (Earl of Suffolk) "appealed" of treason, [467].
• Pole, William de la, and Margaret of Anjou, [603].
• (See Suffolk.)
• Poll-tax, [454].
• Pontefract Castle, [484].
• Pope publishes a crusade against Manfred of Sicily, [293];
• excommunicates Leicester, [307];
• claims Scotland as a fief, [352];
• abolishes the Knights Templars, [387];
• receiving Grosseteste's reply, [487].
• Popes, The rival, [461].
• Præmunire, Statute of, [488].
• Privy Council, [362].
• Punishments among the Saxons, [35].
• Purveyance, [167].
• Radcot Bridge, Engagement at, [467].
• Reading, Battles at, [39].
• Realists, [489].
• Red Cross Knights, [151], [386].
• "Red-shanks," [389].
• Rees-ap-Meredith joins Edward I., [326].
• Reeve, [34].
• Reformation, Dawn of the, [488].
• Rhuddlan, Charter granted to, [328].
• Richard the Good attacked by Ethelred, [58];
• death, [76].
• Richard, Prince, Earl of Cornwall, [282];
• offered the crown of Sicily, [292];
• chosen King of the Romans, [294];
• submits to the barons, [300];
• captured by Leicester, [307];
• death, [312].
• Richard I. declares himself vassal to the King of France, [208];
• crowned, [218];
• claims upon Tancred of Sicily, [223];
• attacks Cyprus, [226];
• falls back upon Ascalon, [230];
• negotiations with Saladin, [231];
• truce with Saladin, [234];
• returns home, [235];
• before the diet of the Empire, [243];
• war with France, [246];
• defeats Philip at Gisors, [249];
• story of his death, [250];
• his character, [251].
• Richard II., Accession of, [449];
• meets Wat Tyler, [459];
• marries Anne of Bohemia, [460];
• marches on Scotland, [463];
• favourites, [464];
• grief at loss of his queen, [470];
• goes over to Ireland, [471];
• marries again, [472];
• his arbitrary conduct, [475];
• seizes Lancaster's estates, [478];
• sails for Ireland, [479];
• hasty return, [480];
• resignation of the crown, [483];
• his fate, [484];
• his body shown in public, [520].
• Richborough Castle, [19].
• Ridings, [46].
• Robert of Gloucester opposes Stephen, [170];
• taken prisoner, [175];
• dies, [176].
• Robert the Devil, [76].
• Robert's quarrel with his father the Conqueror, [117];
• gallantry, [127];
• pledges the Duchy of Normandy, [132];
• leads an army to the Holy Land, [141];
• marries, [152];
• returns to England, [159];
• taken prisoner, [159];
• his death, [160].
• Rochester Castle, Siege of, [125].
• Rochester, Siege of, [271].
• Roger, Earl of March, Richard II.'s heir, [464].
• Rokeby, Thomas of, [389].
• Rokeby, Sir Thomas, defeats Northumberland and Bardolf, [536].
• Roman invasion of Britain, Results of the, [18];
• roads, [23];
• camps, [24];
• provinces in Britain, [18];
• taxes in Britain, [18];
• remains, [19];
• wall, the, [21].
• Rouen, Surrender of, [466].
• Runnymede, Magna Charta granted at, [268].
• Rutland, Earl of, reveals the conspiracy against Henry IV., [518].
• Sac and Soc, [34].
• Sailors, British, in the 14th century, [508].
• St. Albans, Council at, [264];
• Parliament at, [532].
• St. Brice's day massacre, [58].
• St. John, Order of, [151].
• St. Patrick, [199].
• Saladin attacks Richard, [228];
• his character, [231];
• captures Jaffa, [234];
• and the Bishop of Salisbury, [235].
• "Saviour of the Poor," [247].
• Savoy, Count of, supports Edward I., [338].
• Sawtrey, William, burnt, [544].
• Saxon crypt, Hexham, [22].
• Saxon kingdoms, [27].
• Saxons, [25].
• Scalds, [93].
• Scarborough Castle besieged, [370].
• Scotland, Submission of, to Canute, [66];
• independence sacrificed, [206];
• Queen Margaret's influence upon, [330];
• rises against Edward I., [340];
• overcome, [343];
• guardians appointed, [347];
• peace with, [379];
• Church of, 14th century, [488];
• coins in, [508];
• Richard II. in, [522].
• Scottish throne, Rival claimants to the, [333];
• dress in the 14th century, [514].
• Scrope, Archbishop, advises Henry IV.'s deposition, [527];
• his punishment, [532];
• executed, [534].
• Scutage levied, [186];
• origin of the term, [189].
• Senlac, [82].
• Sexburh, [31].
• Sheriff, [34].
• Sherstone, Battle of, [63].
• Shire-Moot, its business, [34].
• Shrewsbury taken by Henry I., [159];
• battle of, [529].
• Sicily, Subjugation of, determined on, [272];
• dispute concerning, [330].
• Sigismund, King of the Romans, visits Henry V., [559].
• Silures, Reduction of the, [14].
• Skipton-on-the-Moor, Insurgents at, [532].
• Slaughter Hill, [524].
• Sluys, Edward I.'s arrival at, [350];
• battle of, [407].
• Smockfrock, The, [99].
• Soissons, Butchery of, [550].
• Somme, Edward III. crossing the, [415];
• Henry V. at the, [553].
• Spaniards, Battle at sea with the, [427].
• Spenser's English, [496].
• Sports, Early English, [97].
• Stamford Bridge, Battle of, [79].
• Standard, Battle of the, [171].
• Stanley, Sir John, granted the Isle of Man, [535].
• Staples, [506].
• Stations on Roman wall, [22].
• Stephen of Blois and the Crusaders, [141];
• crowned, [169];
• cited before an ecclesiastical synod, [172];
• taken prisoner, [173];
• liberated, [175];
• defeated at Wilton, [176];
• declared usurper, [177];
• alliance against Henry Plantagenet, [179];
• dies, [180].
• "Sterling," [597].
• Stigand, governor to William I., [107];
• ruined, [111].
• Stirling burnt, [347];
• the castle attacked by Edward I., [354].
• Stonehenge, [4].
• Strathclyde, Kingdom of, [29].
• Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, [201];
• King of Leinster, [202].
• Suffolk, Duke of, impeached, [607];
• defence and fate, [608].
• Suffolk, Earl of, at the siege of Orleans, [588];
• abandons it, [592];
• taken prisoner, [593].
• Surgery, Fourteenth century, [490].
• Surrey, Earl of, defeated by Wallace, [346].
• Sussex, Kingdom of, [27].
• Sweyn invades England, [58];
• becomes king, [60].
• Swynford, Catherine, [468].
• Taillefer, [93].
• Talbot's achievements in France, [602];
• valour of, at Rouen, [606];
• slain, [607].
• Tancred, [145];
• brings back Peter the Hermit, [149].
• Tancred, king of Sicily, [222].
• Templars banished from France, [187].
• Temple of Jerusalem, Order of, [151].
• Tew, [26].
• Thegns, [36].
• Theologians of the fourteenth century, [491].
• Thor, [26].
• Tostig's attempt to get the crown, [79].
• Tournay, Edward III. before, [407].
• Tower of London, [108], [214].
• Towers, Norman, [214];
• Gothic, [316].
• Treason, High, defined, [447].
• Troubadours, [94].
• Trouveres, [94].
• Troyes, Treaty of, [579].
• Truce of God, The, [138].
• Tudor line, Origin of the, [601].
• Tudor, Owen, marriage with Queen Catherine, [600];
• [1]beheaded, [601].
• Tynemouth Castle taken, [130].
• Tyrrel shoots the king, [131].
• Uffa, [27].
• Ulfcytel, [59].
• Universities, Disorders at the, [491].
• Urban II. preaching the First Crusade, [163].
• Vere, Robert de, created Duke of Ireland, [464];
• "appealed" of treason, [467];
• death, [470].
• Verneuil, Battle of, [582].
• Ville du Bois, [423].
• Vortigern, [27].
• Wales loses its independence, [327];
• first prince of, [329];
• rebellion in, [339];
• revolt in, [522].
• (See Welsh.)
• Walhalla, [26].
• Wallace, Sir William, story of, [343];
• his popularity, [345];
• entitled guardian of the kingdom, [346];
• defeated by Edward, [347];
• a reward offered for his head, [354];
• beheaded and quartered, [354].
• Wallingford Castle, Owen Tudor in, [601].
• Wallingford, Treaty of, [179].
• Walter, Hubert, chief justiciary, [246];
• supports John, [252];
• death, [259].
• Walter the Penniless, Expedition of, [138].
• Waltham Abbey, [72].
• Waltham Cross, Architecture of, [498].
• Waltheof, [114].
• Walworth, William, [449];
• advises the king to slay Tyler's followers, [458];
• slays Wat, [459].
• Wapentakes, [46].
• Wark Castle, siege of, [171].
• Warkworth Castle taken by Bruce, [376].
• Warrenne, Earl, defeats the Scots at Dunbar, [342];
• governor of Scotland, [343].
• Warwick, Earl of, imprisoned, [472];
• banished, [474].
• Warwick, Earl of, guardian of Henry VI., [576];
• death of, [601].
• Wat Tyler, [454];
• leads his followers to London, [456];
• seizes the Tower, [458];
• slain, [459].
• Watling Street, [23].
• Waverley, Monastic Registers of, [495].
• Wedmore, Treaty of, [43].
• Welsh, [27];
• disaffected, [129];
• submit to Henry II., [183];
• defeat the royal forces, [191];
• Edward I.'s expedition against, [326];
• rise in favour of Richard II., [480].
• (See Wales.)
• Wendover, Works of, [494].
• Wergild, [26].
• Wessex, kingdom of, [27].
• Westminster Abbey, Church of, [212].
• Westminster, First statute of, [360].
• Westminster Hall founded, [130].
• Westmoreland's, Earl of, cunning, [533].
• Wight, Isle of, [450], [531].
• Wilfrith, Bishop of Selsey, [31].
• William, Archbishop of Tyre, [208].
• William, Archdeacon of Durham, [490].
• William, Fitz-Osborn, [108].
• William of Normandy visits England, [70];
• his power, [75];
• parentage, [76];
• advances upon London, [107];
• coronation, [108];
• reforms in the Church, [111];
• cruelty to malcontents, [113];
• love of sport, [118];
• death, [119];
• his character, [121].
• William (Rufus) II. ascends the throne, [123];
• his exactions, [130];
• his death, [131].
• William's (Robert's son) adherents, [162];
• his increased power and death, [166].
• William the Lion taken prisoner, [205].
• Wiltshire, Earl of, executed, [479].
• Wimborne, Battle of, [46].
• Winchelsey's synod at Merton, [487].
• Winchester, Synod at, [172];
• Parliament of, [310];
• statute of, [360].
• Witena-gemot, [35];
• in its latter days, [361].
• Woden, [26].
• Wodensbury, Battle of, [31].
• "Wonderful Parliament," The, [467].
• Worcester burnt, [67].
• Wycliffe, John, effect of his teaching, [452];
• work and death, [462].
• Wykeham, William of, dismissed from court, [446];
• and New College, [491].
• Wyntoun, Andrew, historian, [495].
• York, Duke of, appointed regent, [478];
• joins Lancaster, [479].
• York, Duke of, advances on Paris, [600];
• recalled, [601];
• his right to the crown, [604].
• York, Massacre of Jews at, [237];
• deprived of its franchises, [534].
• Yorkshire, Inroads of the Scots into, [376].

Printed by Cassell & Company, Limited, La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C.

---

FOOTNOTES:

[1] In the National Library at Paris.

[2] Gregory of Tours.

[3] The historical works of William of Malmesbury consist of seven books containing a record of the acts of the English kings, from the arrival of the English to the time of the author's death, in the year 1143.

[4] The Rev. J. C. Bruce, "The Bayeux Tapestry Elucidated."

[5] A "man of nothing," in Anglo-Saxon "nithing," a term of abuse and contempt.

[6] Ordericus Vitalis.