-er or -ar; singer, baker, beggar, liar, lawyer, bowyer (a bow-maker), sawyer, sailor, speaker, miller, (fletcher = flechier, an arrow-maker).

-nd (old present participial ending); friend (= a loving person), fiend (= a hating person), errand, wind.

-ster (originally a female agent); Spinster, songster, maltster, huckster, baxter [= bakester], (now a term of contempt); youngster, gamester, punster.

-ter, -ther, -der; daughter, father, spider (that is, spinder), mother, brother, foster (= foodster).

2. Denoting an instrument:

-der or -er; ladder, rudder, bladder (from blow), feather, weather, rudder, murder, stair, finger (from fangen, to seize).

-el or -le; shovel, girdle, shuttle, settle (a small seat), thimble.

3. Forming abstract nouns:

-dom; kingdom, earldom, freedom, thraldom, wisdom, martyrdom, Christendom.

-hood, or -head; manhood, boyhood, childhood, priesthood, Godhead, hardihood, neighbourhood, wifehood.