7.
Improved Cylinder Jacket Terrestrial Minimum Thermometer.
Scale about 1/12.
Fig. 6 shows the ordinary spherical bulb thermometer employed for this purpose, and Fig. 7 the improved Cylinder Jacket Thermometer, which, by exposing a larger surface of spirit to the air, gives an instrument possessing an amount of sensibility in no way inferior to that of mercury.
There is a drawback to the use of these thermometers enclosed in outer tubes, arising from moisture getting into the outer cylinder or jacket, and frequently preventing the observer from reading the thermometer. This has recently been removed by making a perfectly ground joint of glass (analogous to a glass stopper in a bottle) as a substitute for the old form of packing at the open end of the tube, the other end being fused into contact with the outer cylinder to keep it in its place. The intrusion and condensation of moisture thus becomes impossible, while the scale is protected from corrosion or abrasion. This “ground socket” arrangement is shown at Fig. 8.
8.
Ground Socket Minimum Thermometer. Scale about 1/4.
Radiation from the earth upwards proceeds with great rapidity under a cloudless sky, but a passing cloud, or the presence even of invisible aqueous vapour in the air, is sufficient to effect a marked retardation, as is beautifully illustrated by Sir John Leslie’s Æthrioscope, shown at Fig. 9, which consists of a vertical glass tube, having a bore so fine that a little coloured liquid is supported in it by the mere force of cohesion. Each end of the tube terminates in a glass bulb containing air. A scale, having its zero in the middle, is attached to the tube, and the bulb A is enclosed in a highly polished sphere of brass. The upper bulb B is blackened, and placed in the centre of a highly-gilt and polished metallic cup, having a movable cover F. These outer metallic coverings protect the bulbs from extraneous sources of heat. So long as the upper bulb is covered, the liquid in the tube stands at zero on the scale, but immediately on its removal radiation commences, the air contained in B contracts, while the elasticity of that contained in A forces the liquid up the tube to a height directly proportionate to the rapidity of the radiation.
9.
Æthrioscope.
Scale about 1/7.