MODERN THEORIES OF LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
I. Naturalistic Tendency—
1. Materialistic—
(1) Idyllic or Poetic—Rousseau.
(2) Philosophic—Feuerbach.
(3) Scientific—Haeckel.
2. Utilitarian—Hobbes, Bentham, Mill.
3. Evolutionary—Spencer.
4. Socialistic—Marx, Engels.
5. Individualistic—
(1) Aestheticism—Goethe, Schiller.
(2) Subjectivism—
(a) Pessimism—Schopenhauer.
(b) Optimism—Nietzsche.
II. Idealistic Tendency—
1. Kant—Categorical Imperative.
2. Fichte and Hegel—Idea of Personality.
3. James—Pragmatism.
4. Bergson—Vitalism.
5. Eucken—Activism.
CHAPTER VIII
THE CHRISTIAN IDEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Life, as the highest Good.
I. Life, in its Individual Aspect—
1. Its Intensity.
2. Its Expansion.
3. 'Eternal Life.'
II. Life, in its Social Aspect—
1. 'The Kingdom of God'—
Eschatological Interpretation.
Untenableness of Interimsethik.
2. Christ's View of Kingdom—
(1) A Present Reality—a Gift.
(2) A Gradual Development—a Task.
(3) A Future Consummation—a Hope.
III. Life, in its Godward Aspect—
1. Holiness.
2. Righteousness.
3. Love.
CHAPTER IX
STANDARD AND MOTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
I. Christ as Example—
1. Portrayal by Synoptists—
(1) Artlessness of Disciples.
(2) Naturalness of Jesus,
2. Impression of Power—
(1) Power of Loyalty to Calling.
(2) Power of Holiness.
(3) Power of Sympathy.
3. Value of Jesus' Example for Present Life—
Misconception of Phrase 'Imitation of Christ.'
II. The Christian Motive—
1. Analysis of Springs of Conduct—
(1) Divine Forgiveness.
(2) Fatherhood of God.
(3) Sense of Vocation.
(4) Brevity of Life.
(5) Idea of Immortality.
2. Question as to Purity of Motive—
(1) Charge of Asceticism.
(2) Charge of Hedonism.
3. Doctrine of Rewards—
(1) In Philosophy.
(2) In Christianity—(a) Jesus; (b) Paul.