Spitting of blood from the lungs seems in most instances to depend on the presence of tubercular phthisis, or on an inherent constitutional tendency to this disease; and any accidental excitement, as that from cold or undue exposure to atmospherical vicissitudes, may hurry on cases of pulmonary hæmorrhage to a fatal termination. Suckling, in particular, is known to be apt to occasion spitting of blood, which, if not cured in time, usually ends in those symptoms which characterise consumption of the lungs.
It is curious to observe that, in the warm climates of the coast, cold is the exciting cause of most of the diseases which present themselves, such as catarrh, phthisis, bowel complaints, rheumatism, and even the intermittent and remittent fevers; for we believe that the baneful influence of malaria would not be nearly so often experienced, were its operation in the developement of fever not aided by some check to the perspiration, or what the natives call resfrio.
It is a subject of remark on the sugar estates of Cañete, and other parts of the coast, that the slave population, though they work in the humid cane-fields, are yet by no means so liable to ague as either the white man or Indian. One reason for this difference appears to be that the sebaceous glands of the dark races, and especially the negro, keep their skin smooth and soft with a supply of unctuous or oily matter, of rather offensive odour, but admirably fitted to guard against the evil effects of atmospherical vicissitudes.
As black surfaces radiate heat better than those of lighter tints, it might be expected that the body of the negro would be excessively chilled when exposed to the night air: but the negroes of the coast of Peru often sleep in the open air, without interrupting the healthy action of the dermal system. This is a fact which we are disposed to refer to the preservative effect of the unctuous exudation, because all oily matters being bad conductors prevent the excessive radiation of internal, and the too rapid communication of external heat; and therefore, by this natural inunction of the negro and zambo skin, nature provides a remedy against the extremes of cold or heat under ordinary circumstances.
We thus learn that flannels or woollens, being bad conductors, are, when worn next the skin, very valuable as preservatives of an equal circulation, and therefore of general health, particularly for the European of finer and unanointed skin when subjected to the influence of tropical climates.
During the hot months of January and February, on the coast of Peru, the irritability of the whole system is increased, and particularly of the mucous membrane of the alimentary passages; and cholera morbus thus becomes an exceedingly common disease, for which the standard remedy is ice, or iced water.
The privilege of selling ice in the capital of Peru belongs to the government, who usually let it out for a term of years to the highest bidder. The empresario, or lessee, conveys the ice on mules from the nearest snow-clad mountains at the back of Lima; and is bound to have always on hand a sufficient quantity for the supply of the capital, and be ready to deliver it at all hours of the day and night. In form of frescos, or cooling drinks, every one uses ice in warm summer weather; and it is considered not merely a luxury or a remedy, but a necessary of life, indispensable for the due preservation of the public health.
The facility of procuring ice renders cholera morbus a disease of easy cure, according to the popular practice of the natives. In the first stage of this malady they administer diluents, such as warm water, linseed or mallow water, with or without a little seasoning of cream of tartar or tamarinds; and these simple drinks they continue to give until they consider that the patient has vomited and voided enough, that is, until all undigested matters be thrown off, and the bowels well unloaded; and then they administer iced water, which produces a powerfully sedative effect.
The death-like coldness of the patient deters neither the vulgar nor the regular practitioner (who sometimes conjoins opiates and iced drinks) from giving this remedy with confidence; and the general consequence of the seasonable use of ice and iced water in this fearful disorder is, that the stage of external coldness is shortened by the early removal of internal heat; and thus the exhausting career of the disease is quickly arrested.